Industrial Revolution (1750-1850)

Industrial Revolution- Mid 1750’s-1850's modernization in agriculture and industry A. Machines replaced hand tools Less work = less labor needed = more unemployed B. Steam and electricity took the place of human and animal power C. Inventions in the textile industry and farming led to an increase in production. D. Increase in agriculture caused more food and increase in population.

Increase in Farming Methods 1. Farm Journals: explained mixing soils, higher crops yields, crop rotation, use of turnips to restore exhausted soil 2. Seed Drill: Jethro Tull invented this to plant seeds in rows which doesn't waste seed 3. Enclosure: Taking small farms from the peasants and creating huge farms a. Increased profits but needed less farmers... farmers move to cities/towns to find work

Seed Drill

New technology 1. James Watt invents the steam engine 2. Iron: Using coal to smelt iron and separate the iron from ore a. First iron bridge is created... Only issue with iron is it rusts leading to creation of steel

Steam Engine

Bessemer Process a process of producing steel cheap- caused skyscrapers to be built Iron would rust and steel does not

Cast Iron Bridge

Population increase 1. Increase in food production reduce famine and surplus of food 2. Increase in hygiene and sanitation and medical care 3. Migration: more of people from place to place

Why Britain? 1. Waterways: Ports, Rivers, Canals (man made) increase trade 2. Large Supply of coal: power steam engines 3. Large Supply of iron to build factories, bridges and new machines 4. Strong navy to protect trade, stable gov. 5. Factors of Production- land, labor and capital (wealth) 6. Entrepreneurs: risk the start new business

Textile industry 1. Cotton imported from India 2. Putting-out system (Outsource): raw cotton is distributed to peasants who spun it into thread and wove it into cloth in their homes 3. Skilled artisans in the town then dyed the cloth then sold 4. Slow process and expensive

Textile advancements 1. Flying Shuttle (John Jay): fast weaving of cloth 2. Spinning Jenny (James Hargreaves): spun many threads at the same time 3. Water Frame (Richard Arkwright): spinning machine powered by H2O 4. Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney): separated seed from raw cotton

Inventions: Cotton Gin and Flying Shuttle

Spinning Jenny and Water Frame

Transportation 1. Steam locomotive (George Stephenson): cheap transportation of people and goods away from waterways 2. Turnpikes: private roads that charged a toll 3. Canals: Private waterways that charge a toll

Pay tolls and canals = $$

The Rocket Steam Engine

Laissez-Faire Economic Policy That government should intervene as little as possible in the economy Adam Smith theory “Laissez-faire” or hands-off Free Market Economy

Supply and Demand Inventions ---> increase in # of goods being made ---> decrease in price of food ---> increase in # of consumers ---> they spend more $ ---> increase in $ for production to factories ---> more $ for inventions (cycle starts over)

Social Impact of Ind. Rev. III. Urbanization people moved to the cities for jobs led to the growth of the cities accompanied Industrialization (growth of factories): A.    Factory work was dangerous, the hours were long, and the pay was low. B.     Workers fought back by forming unions- which at first were illegal! C.    Many early factories employed women and children. D. Living conditions in the urban areas were substandard for workers-Tenements

Middle Class Middle Class: owned operated factories, mines and RR (Bourgeoisie Class) Rich, paved roads, big homes, ate well, large water supply, fancy clothes no sympathy for poor, stay-at-home- moms Working Class: farm families that moved to the cities and had low paying jobs in the factories and mines

Working Conditions 1. Long hours 12-16 hrs/ day 6/7 day a week 2. Very low wages 3. Dangerous working conditions No safety devices: Mine collapsed, flooding, explosions Low quality air caused damaged lungs No medical insurance: sick or hurt you were fired Loss of limbs, fingers or lives

Child labor and Women Whole families now have to work to make enough $ Women and Children (age 5-8) were paid less Why Children? 1. Small places 2. Quick hands & could move in tight places Factory Acts: laws that no children under 8/9 they had to be educated and shorter day

Child Labor

Child labor

Labor (Trade) Union Worker Organizations: to shorten day, increase pay, stop child labor, safer working conditions Problem: unions outlawed early in Ind Revol until 1850's Workers fought back with strikes/ violence

Direct Relief from Religion No gov help so people turned to religion John Wesley (Methodism): Stressed personal faith, better moral decisions (No drinking) Sunday School: taught children how to read and write Goal: create reform in society

Tenements: multistory buildings divided into small apartments (poor slums) Living conditions in the Urban areas: Overcrowded and No Running water Unsanitary (no sewers). Sewage dumped into rivers which contaminated drinking water No garage collection (rotted in the streets) Diseases spread rapidly Fires were common

Tenement Apartments

Children in the slums

Living Conditions

New ways of thinking 1. “Dismal Science” No gov involvement (Adam Smith) Thomas Malthus: Pop. would outpace food supply: Families need to have less children David Ricardo: do not increase wages as more $ = more children and the standard of living would not increase Half empty

Gov. needs to be involved Jeremy Bentham Utilitarianism: the greatest happiness for the greatest number John Stuart Mill: gov needs to step in and improve working class (voting rights to women and workers)

No rich no po' no mo' Robert Owen Utopia: all work is shared and no poverty, no rich, all fighting would do away Socialism: people own and operate the means of production instead of private companies RR, Factories, Farms etc produce and distribute goods Karl Marx (communist manifesto): Communism

Communism: Scientific Socialism Karl Marx (communist manifesto): Lower class (Proletariat) would over throw the upper class (Bourgeoisie) and create a classless society who share everything Problem: Works only when you have a small group to enforce which then violates their principles Led to the Russian Revolution in 1917

Communism