THE TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION / INDUSTRIALIZATION Five innovations spurred industrialization: Mass/production via division of labor New machines / mechanization Increase in manufacturing of iron Development of steam power/engine Electric telegraph

MASS PRODUCTION Mass production = making of many identical items Depends on process of simple repetitive tasks Which further depends on a division of labor = job specialization Mass production = lower consumer costs, greater efficiency, and often high quality goods!!! Example: Josiah Wedgwood’s pottery business in mid 18th century

NEW MACHINES & MECHANIZATION High demand for cotton cloth makes it one of 1st industries to devise cheap mechanical methods Starting in mid 18th century a series of inventions revolutionize textile industry Spinning jenny (1764) Water frame (1769) Mule: a combo of above (1785) Cotton gin (1793)

IRON INDUSTRY Cheap iron made mass production of many objects possible In 18th century a series of inventions made it possible to produce a lot of iron cheaply Coke: coal w/ impurities cooked out to replace charcoal Puddling: process removes impurities in coke-iron by stirring molten Interchangeable parts = identical parts

STEAM ENGINE / RAILROADS Access to cheap & abundant energy (fossil fuels) Steam engine: 1st to transform fossil fuel into mechanical energy Thomas Newcomen 1st to develop steam engine (1702-12) James Watt improves steam engine & starts to manufacture it (1769) Steam power = versatility in location of indus. & allows devlop. of steam boats & railroads Richard Trevithick (1804) develops. 1st steam powered land vehicles George Stephenson ( 1825) builds 1st successful locomotive = railroad mania

ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH Volta invents battery (1800) = production of electric current Electric telegraph = 1st practical electric device 2 systems of telegraphy invented in 1837 Cook’s 5 needle telegraph Morse’s dot and dashes code Railroads 1st to use telegraph communications 1840s-50’s telegraph mania!