AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) CITATION

RULES FOR AUTHORS (APA) a) Start with family name for authors which have family names, follow with coma and initials for other part of the names. Eg: Tan, B. T. Means, G. P. Puthucheary, M. b) For names without family names, cite as they are known. Eg: Osman Hamzah Nik Ismail Nik Ishak c) If two authors, use ampersand (&) before the last author. Use coma after each family name and in between each author after initials. Eg: Sawyer, C., & Parkin, G. F. d) More than six authors, use et al. for the seventh or more author names. Eg: Lofland, L. , Moore, M.H., Estrich. S, McGillis, D., Spelman, W., Parker, K. ,et al.

RULES FOR TITLE a) Capitalize only the first alphabet of the first word or names in title and subtitle. b) Capitalize first alphabet in each word in the Title of journal and name of seminars except for preposition. c) Underline or italic the Title of books and the Title of Journal or the source

BOOKS WITH ONE AUTHOR Format: Author. (Year). Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher. Grainger, A. (1993). Controlling tropical deforestation. London: Earthscan. Asmah Haji Omar. (1991). Kemahiran berbahasa. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbitan Pustaka Antara.

BOOKS WITH TWO OR THREE AUTHORS Format: List all the authors. Use ampersand (&) before the last author. (Year). Title of the book. Place of Publication: Publisher. Sawyer, C., McCarty, P., & Parkin, G. F. (1994). Chemistry for environmental engineering. (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Ishak Shari, & Jomo, K. S. (1984). Apakah dasar ekonomi baru mencapai perpaduan kebangsaan.Petaling Jaya: Institut Analisa Sosial.

MORE THAN SIX AUTHORS Format: First author until sixth author, et al. (Year). Title. Place of publication: Publisher. Lofland, L. , Moore, M.H., Estrich. S, McGillis, D., Spelman, W., Parker, K. ,et al. (1999). The new criminology: For a social theory of deviance. New York: Harper & Row.

CORPORATE BODIES AS AUTHORS Format: Corporate author. (Year). Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher. If Government bodies, start with the country or the state. Malaysia. Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Alam Sekitar. (1990). Industrial technology development: A national plan of action. Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Alam Sekitar. Unesco. (1993). Worldwide action in education. Paris: Unesco.

MORE THAN FIRST EDITION Format: Author. (Year). Title of book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher. Carlton, D. W.., & Perloff, J. M. (1994). Modern industrial organization. (2nd ed.). New York: Harper Collins College Publishers. Walker, A. (1993). Pengurusan projek binaan. (Edisi Ke- 2.) Pulau Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia

EDITED BOOKS Format: Editor. (Ed./Eds.). (Year). Title. Place of publication: Publisher. Freeman, H. M. (Ed.). (1990). Hazardous waste minimization. New York: McGraw-Hill. Annuar Abdul Razak, & Abu Bakar Abdul Majid. (Eds.). (1997). Islam, science and technology. Kuala Lumpur: Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia.

CHAPTER FROM BOOKS Format: Writer of the chapter. (Year). Title of the chapter. In Name of the editor. (Ed./Eds.), Title of the book. (pages of the chapter). Place of publication: Publisher. Damodararao, T., & Sastry, C. A. (1996). Water extraction from sea water acquifer. In C. A. Sastry (Ed.), Water treatment plants (pp. 437-444). New Delhi: Narosa Publishing House. Chieffi, G., & Pierantoni, R. (1987). Regulation of ovarian steroidogenesis. In D. O. Norris & R. E. Jones (Eds.), Hormones and reproduction in fishes, amphibians, and reptiles (pp. 117-144). New York: Plenum Press.

JOURNAL ARTICLE Format: Writer of the article. (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, Volume (issue/no.), page. Chu, K. H., & Mohd Ali Hashim. (1995). Simulated counter-current adsorption processes: A comparison of modeling strategies. Chemical Engineering Journal, 56, 59-65. Brown, R. G. W. (1985). Laser fibre optics in biotechnology. Trends in Biotechnology, 3 (8), 200-203.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE Format: Writer of the article. (Year, month day). Title of the article. Title of the newspaper, page. Wan Hasnan Hasan. (1998, September 24). JPS baiki aliran sungai elak banjir. Utusan Malaysia, 11.

PUBLISHED CONFERENCE PAPER Format: Writer of the paper. (Year). Title of the paper. In Editor of the proceeding (Ed./Eds.), Title of the proceeding (page). Place of publication: Publisher. Jaynes, E. T. (1985). Microscopic prediction. In H. Hanken (Ed.) Complex systems, operational approaches in neurobiology, physics, and computers: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Synergetics at Schloss Elmau, Bavaria, May 6-11, 1985, (pp. 254-269). Berlin: Springer – Verlag.

UNPUBLISHED CONFERENCE PAPER Format: Writer of the paper. (Year, month). Title of the paper. Paper presented at / kertaskerja dibentangkan dalam name of the conference, place. Mohd Amin Mohd Som, Ahmad Jusoh, & Abang Abdullah Abang Ali. (1992, September). Perancangan sumber air untuk kesejahteraan sejagat. Kertaskerja dibentangkan dalam Seminar Perancangan Sumber Air, Skudai, Johor.

THESIS / DISSERTATION Format: Author. (Year). Title. Unpublished master’s thesis / doctoral dissertation, name of the university, place. Safiah Abdullah. (1996). The community structure of fish and prawns in small mangrove creeks in Sungai Sementa Kecil, Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.

JOURNAL ARTICLE THROUGH INTERNET Format: Author. (Year). Title of the article. Name of the Journal, Volume (issue / no), page. Retrieved month date, year from URL address. Bauer, F. (1997). Selenium and soils in Western United States. The Electronic Green Journal, 7, 3-10. Retrieved October 25, 1999 from http://egj.lib.uidaho.edu/egj07/bauer.htm

JOURNAL ARTICLE USING DATABASE ON CDROM Format: Author. (Year, Month). Title of article. Name of the Journal, Volume (issue/no), page. CDROM. Name of database. Disc No. Bonner, J.T. (1999, March). The evolution of evolution. Natural History, 108(3), 20-23. CDROM. GPO. Disc No. 99-13-01

MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION (MLA) CITATION STYLE

RULES FOR AUTHORS (MLA) a) Start with family name for authors which have family names, follow with coma and other part of the names. Eg: Tan, Bong Tiang. Means, Gregory P. Puthucheary, M. b) For names without family names, cite as they are known. Eg: Osman Hamzah Nik Ismail Nik Ishak c) If two authors, use and before the last author.Second author cite as they are known Eg: Sawyer, C., and George F. Parkin d) More than three authors, use et al. after the first author. Eg: Lofland, L. ,et al.

RULES FOR TITLE a) Capitalize the first alphabet of all the word or names in title and subtitle. b) Capitalize first alphabet in each word in the Title of journal and proceedings of meetings except for preposition. c) Italic the Title of books and the Title of Journal or the source.

BOOKS WITH ONE AUTHOR Format: Author. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Medium of Publication. Grainger, Alan. Controlling Tropical Deforestation. London: Earthscan,1993. Print. Asmah Haji Omar. Kemahiran Berbahasa. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbitan Pustaka Antara, 1991. Print

BOOKS WITH TWO OR THREE AUTHORS Format: List all the authors. Use and before the last author. Title of the book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Medium of Publication. Sawyer, C., P. McCarty., and G.F. Parkin. Chemistry for Environmental Engineering. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994. Print. Ishak Shari, and K. S Jomo. Apakah Dasar Ekonomi Baru Mencapai Perpaduan Kebangsaan.Petaling Jaya: Institut Analisa Sosial, 1984. Print.

MORE THAN THREE AUTHORS Format: First author, et al. Title. Place of publication : Publisher, Year. Medium of Publication. Lofland, L. ,et al The New Criminology: For a Social Theory of Deviance. New York: Harper & Row, 1999. Print.

CORPORATE BODIES AS AUTHORS Format: Corporate author. Title of Book. Place of Publication : Publisher, Year. Medium of Publication. If Government bodies, start with the country or the state. Malaysia. Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Alam Sekitar. Industrial Technology Development: A National Plan of Action. Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Alam Sekitar, 1990. Print. Unesco. Worlwide Action in Education. Paris: Unesco, 1993. Print.

MORE THAN FIRST EDITION Format: Author. Title of book. Edition. Place of Publication : Publisher, Year. Medium of Publication. Carlton, D. W., and J. M. Perloff. Modern Industrial Organization. 2nd ed. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers, 1994. Print. Walker, A. Pengurusan Projek Binaan. Edisi Ke-2. Pulau Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 1993. Print.

EDITED BOOKS Format: Editor, ed. Title. Place of publication : Publisher, Year. Medium of Publication. Freeman, H. M. , ed. Hazardous Waste Minimization. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990. Print. Annuar Abdul Razak, and Abu Bakar Abdul Majid, eds. Islam, Science and Technology. Kuala Lumpur: Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia, 1997. Print.

CHAPTER FROM BOOKS Format: Writer of the chapter. “Title of the chapter.” Title of the book Ed.Name of the editor/s. Place of publication: Publisher. Year. Pages of the chapter. Medium of publication. Damodararao, T., and C. A. Sastry. “ Water Extraction from Sea Water Acquifer.” Water Treatment Plants . Ed. C. A. Sastry . New Delhi: Narosa Publishing House, 1996. 437-444. Print. Chieffi, G., & R. Pierantoni. “Regulation of Ovarian Steroidogenesis.” Hormones and Reproduction in Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles. Ed. D. O. Norris and R. E. Jones New York: Plenum Press, 1987. 117-144. Print.

JOURNAL ARTICLE Format: Writer of the article. “Title of the article.” Title of the Journal, Volume . issue/no., (Year): page. Medium of Publication. Chu, K. H., and Mohd Ali Hashim. “Simulated Counter-Current Adsorption Processes: A Comparison of Modeling Strategies.” Chemical Engineering Journal, 56, (1995) : 59-65. Print. Brown, R. G. W. “ Laser Fibre Optics in Biotechnology.” Trends in Biotechnology, 3 .8, (1985): 200-203. Print.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE Format: Writer of the article. “Title of the article.”Title of the newspaper Day Month Year: page. Medium of Publication. Wan Hasnan Hasan..” JPS Baiki Aliran Sungai Elak Banjir.” Utusan Malaysia 24 Sept 1998: 11. Print.

PUBLISHED CONFERENCE PAPER Format: Writer of the paper.” Title of the paper.” Title of the proceeding. Ed. Editor of the proceeding. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. page. Medium of Publication. Jaynes, E. T. “Microscopic Prediction.” Complex Systems, Operational Approaches in Neurobiology, Physics, and Computers : Proceedings of the International Symposium on Synergetics at Schloss Elmau, Bavaria, May 6-11, 1985,. Ed. H. Hanken. Berlin: Springer – Verlag, 1985. 254-269. Print.

UNPUBLISHED CONFERENCE PAPER Format: Writer of the paper. “Title of the paper. “ Name of the conference, place, Day Month, Year. Medium of Publication. Mohd Amin Mohd Som, Ahmad Jusoh, and Abang Abdullah Abang Ali. “Perancangan Sumber Air Untuk Kesejahteraan Sejagat.” Seminar Perancangan Sumber Air, Skudai, Johor, 19 Sept 1992. Print.

THESIS / DISSERTATION Format: Author. “Title.” Diss. Name of the university, Year. Medium of Publication. Safiah Abdullah. “The Community Structure of Fish and Prawns in Small Mangrove Creeks in Sungai Sementa Kecil, Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia. “ Diss. University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur,1996. Print.

JOURNAL ARTICLE THROUGH INTERNET Format: Author. “Title of the article. “ Name of the Journal, Volume. issue / no, (Year): page. Medium of Publication. Access date- Day Month Year < URL address>. Bauer, F. “Selenium and Soils in Western United States.” The Electronic Green Journal, 7, (1997): 3-10. Web. 25 Oct 1999 <http://egj.lib.uidaho.edu/egj07/bauer.htm>.

JOURNAL ARTICLE USING DATABASE ON CDROM Format: Author. “Title of article.” Name of the Journal, Volume . issue/no, Month Year: page. CDROM. Name of database. Disc No : Bonner, J. T. “The Evolution of Evolution.” Natural History, 108.3, March 1999: 20-23. CDROM. GPO. Disc No. 99-13-01

JOURNAL ARTICLE USING DATABASE (LIBRARY SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE Format: Author. “Title of article.” Name of the Journal, Volume . issue/no, Month Year: page. Name of online database. Medium of Publication. Date access. Bonner, J. T. “The Evolution of Evolution.” Natural History, 108.3, Mar 1999: 20-23. Proquest Periodical Abstracts. Web. 7 Dec 2004.

PAGE FROM THE INTERNET Format: Author. Title of the page. Date on the Net / last update. Medium of Publication. Access date- Day Month Year < URL address>. Dally, Billy. Writing Argumentative Essays. 1997. Web. 26 June 1998. <http://www.eslplanet.com/teachertools/frntpage.htm>.