Memory: Unit 7 The information processing model views human (and computer) memory as a system that encodes, stores, and retrieves bits of information. In humans, information processing occurs in three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

Memory - The process by which we recollect prior experiences, information, and skills learned in the past. The Three 3’s of Memory 3 Kinds 3 Processes 3 Stages

3 Kinds of Memory Episodic-specific events Semantic-general memory Flashbulb memories- event is so important that we remember every detail Usually arouse powerful feelings Semantic-general memory George Washington 1st President Alphabet and most school work Usually don’t remember WHEN we learned it Implicit-not clearly stated Skills or procedures you have learned Usually stays with you for many years Riding a bike, making tamales, setting up a tent

3 Memory Processes Encoding-translation of information into a form in which it can be stored. Physical stimulation into mental representations. Visual codes-remembering via mental pictures Acoustic codes-remembering via sounds Semantic codes-remembering via meaning Storage-the maintenance of encoded information over a period of time. Retrieval-locating stored information and returning it to conscious thought

Encoding examples-Mnemonics Name all of the Great Lakes.

Encoding examples-Mnemonics “H.O.M.E.S.”

Cat Book Snake Leaf Sun Pills Tree Snow Happy Train How many can you remember? Visual Code example Number a sheet of paper 1-10. Title it “Memory Activities” Cat Book Snake Leaf Sun Pills Tree Snow Happy Train

Peg Word System (context clues/visual code) “Bun” “Shoe” “Tree” “Door” “Hive” “Sticks” “Heaven” “Gate” “Wine” “Hen”

How many can you remember NOW? Desk Necklace Fish Tent Sidewalk Rain Burger Apple Watch Skip

3 Stages of Memory Sensory Memory Short-term Memory Long-term Memory

Three Stage Process of Memory

Sensory Memory The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system. Stored just for an instant, and most gets unprocessed. ¼-3 seconds Walking from 1st to 2nd period.

Sensory memory Iconic memory - a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a photograph-like quality lasting only about a second. Visual sensory memory. Echoic memory - for auditory stimuli. If you are not paying attention to someone, you can still recall the last few words said in the past three or four seconds. Auditory sensory memory.

Short Term Memory Memory that holds a few items briefly. Phone number, web address, etc. The info will be stored in long-term memory or be forgotten. 18-60 seconds Rehearsal - You must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory.

Short Term Memory A.K.A …WORKING MEMORY Another way of describing the use of short-term memory is called working memory.

Short Term Memory How many bits of information can we hold in there? Get out your “Memory Activities” paper. STM Capacity Activity I will read several groupings of numbers, to which you should listen carefully without writing anything. After each series, I will ask you to use your memory to write down the numbers in the order that I read them. Remember, do not write anything until I tell you to do so. Estimate your personal immediate memory span. IF you mess up on getting 6 numbers correct, your PIMS would be 5.

925 3 8642 4 37654 5 627418 6 0401473 7 19223530 8 486854332 9 2531971768 10 85129619450 11 918546942937 12

Short Term Memory Capacity “The Magical Number 7, Plus or Minus Two” George Miller 7 items, plus or minus 2 The set of numbers preceding your 1st mistake represents your personal immediate memory span.

Short Term Memory Your phone number, student ID #, etc. Demonstration volunteers? information held can be increased if it is organized into chunks of meaningful information. chunking - organizing items into familiar, manageable units. Chunk- from Goonies

Chunking First row makes little sense to us….but when we chunk the characters differently they become easy to remember.

Chunking Which is easier to remember? HO TB UT TE RE DP OP CO RN IN AB OWL HOT BUTTERED POPCORN IN A BOWL

Memory Demonstration You will see/hear a list of words, then you will have 30 seconds to write down as many of the words you can recall. Carefully listen first…Do not write until I tell you to!

Bed

Quilt

Dark

Silence

Fatigue

Clock

Snoring

Night

Toss

Tired

Night

Artichoke

Turn

Night

Rest

Dream

Begin writing-you have 30 seconds How many recalled “sleep?” Constructive memory-this word was not on the list! How many recalled “toss” and “turn?” Chunking How many recalled “night?” Rehearsal How many recalled “artichoke?” Semantic distinctiveness

Serial position effects Our tendency to best recall the first and last items in a list. primacy effect - the enhanced ability to recall items from the beginning of the list. Bed, quilt, dark recency effect - the enhanced ability to recall items from the end of the list. Night, rest, dream