Chapter 1: Intro to Anatomy Anatomical Terms Chapter 1: Intro to Anatomy

Some General Definitions Anatomy Physiology Metabolism Homeostasis

SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY Integumentary Respiratory Skeletal Digestive Muscular Urinary (excretory) Nervous/Sensory Reproductive Endocrine Circulatory Cardiovascular Lymphatic/Immune

Regions of the Body

Axial Region – Cephalic (Head) ANTERIOR Cephalic - head Frontal – forehead Orbital – eye Buccal – cheek Mental – chin Facial – on your face Cervical - neck POSTERIOR Occipital

Axial Region – Torso or Thoracic ANTERIOR Celiac - abdomen Mammary – breast Sternal - area in the center of your chest, the sternum Pectoral - area around your breast Costal - ribs Inguinal – groin Genital – reproductive organs Coxal - hip Celiac (abdomen) Mammary (breast) Costal (rib)

Axial Region – Torso or Thoracic POSTERIOR Dorsal: the back Vertebral: area of your spine (on your back) Interscapular: area between both of your shoulder blades (on your back) Lumbar: lower back Sacral: between hips Perineal: between the anus and the pubic arch Interscapular (between shoulder blades)

Appendicular Region – Upper Limb Antebrachium (forearm) Axillary (armpit) Digital (fingers) Acromial - point of shoulder Brachial - arm Antecubital – front of elbow Cubital - elbow Antebrachial - forearm Palmar - palm Axillary - Armpit Digital - fingers

Appendicular Region – Lower Limb Gluteal – buttocks Femoral – thigh Popliteal – back of knee Patellar – knee Cural – leg Plantar – sole of foot Pedal – foot *** inguinal

Directional Terms

Directional Terms Used to describe the “location” or “direction” of one organ compared to another More “scientific” way of saying that your heart is “above your stomach, and in front of your lungs”

The “Anatomical Position” Standing straight up, feet flat on the ground, arms at your side, and palms facing forward - It is from this position that the rest of the anatomical terms will be derived

Directional Terms Superior: “above” something else “Your _______ is superior to your_______” Inferior: “below” something else “your ________are inferior to your________”

Anterior (Ventral): towards your front Your _______ is anterior to your _____. Posterior/Dorsal: towards your back Your ________ are posterior to your _________.

Let’s Review The nails are ______ (dorsal or ventral) in the anatomical position. ANSWER: Dorsal - recall that the anatomical position calls for your palms to face forward…your nails would face your back The sternum is ____ (superior or inferior) to your mouth. ANSWER: Inferior

Proximal: closer to the trunk or attachment point The ________ is proximal to the __________. The __________ is proximal to the___________. Distal: Farther from the trunk or attachment point The ________ is distal to the ____________. The ___________ is distal to the______________.

Central – toward the brain or spinal cord The __________ is central to the ______________ Peripheral – away from the brain or spinal cord (toward the limbs) The ________ are peripheral to the _________________

Superficial: Close to the body surface (when looking from the inside towards the skin) Deep: Closer to the inside of the body (farther from the surface of the body)

Medial - Towards the middle “Your _________ is medial to your____________” “Your ___________ is medial to your ____________” Lateral: Away from the middle (towards a side) “Your _________are lateral to your _______________” “Your_________are lateral to your _____________”

Ipsilateral – on the same side of the body Contralateral – one the opposite side of the body

Supine = Body laying face up Prone = Body laying face down

Planes of the Body

Planes of the Body Imaginary flat surface passing through the body Planes are often used in directions for dissections or as reference in figures

Sagittal (Median) Plane Divides into left and right portions Midsaggital plane - passes through the midline of the body Parasaggital plane – a cut that does not pass through the midline

Frontal (Coronal) Plane Divides body into anterior and posterior sections

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane Divides the body into superior and inferior portions Divides the body horizontally

Body Cavities

Anterior Cavity Posterior Cavity Body Cavities Anterior Cavity thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity diaphragm (a muscle) separates the two cavities Posterior Cavity cranial cavity & vertebral cavity

Posterior (Dorsal) Body Cavity Cranial Cavity Skull encloses the brain Vertebral Cavity Vertebrae enclose the spinal cord

Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity Thoracic Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity Pleural Cavity – lungs Pericardial Cavity – heart Mediastinum – thymus, vessels from heart Abdominal Cavity – digestive organs, kidneys Pelvic Cavity – bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

Cranial Thoracic Posterior Diaphragm Vertebral Abdominal Pelvic