Minerals and Rocks

The Rock Cycle igneous rocks All rocks must have started out as ________________________ . Rocks now change from one type to another depending on conditions materials are exposed to. This dynamic process of change is referred to as the rock cycle. igneous rocks

The Rock Cycle

weathering and erosion 1. As magma cools, it forms _______________ rock by the process of ________________. 2. Igneous rocks can form _______________ , _______________ and _______________ rocks. 3. Sediments form ________________________ by the process of ____________ _______________ _______________. 4. Sediments form from the process of _________________________________________ . igneous rock solidification sedimentary igneous metamorphic sedimentary rock deposition burial/compaction cementation weathering and erosion

Melting & solidification 6. Which process changes sedimentary rock into igneous rock? ________________________________________________ 7. Can a metamorphic rock turn directly into a sedimentary rock? Explain 8. Metamorphism involves the addition of _______________ and _______________ to pre-existing rocks. 9. Compaction & cementation of sediments forms __________________ rocks. Melting & solidification No. First they must go through weathering and erosion to turn into sediments, then deposition, compaction and cementation. heat pressure sedimentary

Any: igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary 10. Subjecting sedimentary rocks to extreme heat & pressure forms _______________ rocks. 11. Solidification of molten materials forms _______________ rocks. 12. Solid magma forms ___________________________. 13. Deposited sediments may be particles of which types of rock? metamorphic igneous Igneous rocks Any: igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary

The original rock must undergo uplift.    14. For weathering & erosion to occur, what process will the rock usually go through first or at the same time?  19. In order to form magma what must happen to sedimentary, metamorphic or igneous rocks? The original rock must undergo uplift. melting

Minerals minerals Rocks are made from _________________ and minerals are made from __________________     __________________ are the simplest form of matter. They can not be broken down into anything simpler. a. Elements are represented by chemical ________________ ex: Fe= iron elements Elements symbols

It is the lowest layer of the atmosphere. 1. How is the troposphere related to the atmosphere?   2. What is the most abundant element in the atmosphere? 3. What element is the most abundant in the oceans? 4. What is the percent, by volume, of potassium in the crust? 5. What is the percent, by mass of potassium in the crust? 6. What is the least abundant element list by mass in crust? It is the lowest layer of the atmosphere. nitrogen hydrogen 1.42% 2.09% K (potassium)

7. What is the least abundant element listed, by volume, in the crust?   8. What element is the most abundant by mass and volume in the crust? Mg= magnesium oxygen

9. What are the two most abundant elements, by mass, in the crust These two elements combine to make one of the most common minerals. That mineral is _____________ . The mineral has a chemical formula of _____________ . oxygen and silicon quartz SiO2

Minerals: Structure and Chemistry naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystal arrangement. A mineral is a

Minerals: Structure and Chemistry naturally occurring a. Minerals are considered __________________ because they are materials formed in nature. If it is manmade it cannot be a mineral.   b. Minerals must be ______________________ . This means that they were not formed by living things. Coal can not be a fossil because it formed from plant matter. c. Minerals must be _________________ . The arrangement of the atoms in a solid allow for mineral development. inorganic solid

Minerals: Structure and Chemistry d. Minerals must have a definite _____________________. All minerals are found as elements or as compounds. Minerals that are compounds have definite proportions of elements (fixed ratios). We can use chemical formulas to represent these minerals. Ex. NaCl is the chemical formula for salt. All minerals have specific properties based on their chemical composition.   chemical ratio

Minerals: Structure and Chemistry crystal arrangement e. Minerals have a ___________________________ . The crystal arrangement results from the conditions in which the mineral formed (heat and pressure). These crystals can form in a number of ways: - cooling and solidification of magma.     - precipitation from water. - rearrangement of atoms in unmelted rock.

Color- easiest test to perform, but the least reliable Color- easiest test to perform, but the least reliable. Impurities can cause minerals to change colors.

Luster- the way a mineral shines Metallic- looks like metal

Non-metallic: does not look like metal

Vitreous- looks like glass, most common type of non-metallic luster

Dull/earthy- no shine, looks like dirt

Resinous- looks waxy

Hardness- resistance to scratching 2 - 2.5- 3.5- 5.5- 6.5-

Streak- the true color of the mineral Streak- the true color of the mineral. (useless if the mineral is harder than a streak plate)

Cleavage- ability of a mineral to be break along flat surfaces. Basal cleavage- splits in flat sheets

Cubic cleavage- breaks in three directions each 90 degrees

Rhombohedral cleavage- mineral splits like a cub with sides not at 90 degrees

Fracture- minerals do not break with flat surfaces

Odor- smells like rotten eggs

Chemical reactions- calcite reacts with hydrochloric acid

Fluorescence- some minerals glow when exposed to UV light

Silicate Tetrahedron- Silicon and oxygen, 2 most common minerals in the crust. A tetrahedron four sided solid each side being a triangle.

Internal arrangement of atoms determines a minerals properties (cleavage, hardness, luster, etc)

Diamond vs Graphite- Both made of the same element, but formed in different environments.

1. Which common mineral fizzes when dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is placed on it? 1. calcite 2. feldspar 3. quartz 4. talc

2. Which of the following minerals has metallic luster, silver color, black streak, and contains iron? 1. Graphite 2. Galena 3. Magnetite 4. Pyrite

3. Base your answer to the question on the "Properties of Common Minerals" chart in the Earth Science Reference Tables. Which mineral scratches dolomite and is scratched by olivine? 1. galena 2. quartz 3. potassium feldspar 4. muscovite mica

4. The internal atomic structure of a mineral most likely determines the mineral's 1. color, streak, and age 2. origin, exposure, and fracture 3. size, location, and luster 4. hardness, cleavage, and crystal shape

5. How are the minerals biotite mica and muscovite mica different? 1. Biotite mica is colorless, but muscovite mica is not. 2. Biotite mica contains iron and/or magnesium, but muscovite mica does not. 3. Muscovite mica scratches quartz, but biotite mica does not. 4. Muscovite mica cleaves into thin sheets, but biotite mica does not.