Nationalism in Europe in the 1800s By: Matt Moynihan, Izaak Thorpe, Avina Rami, and Bryan Santti

Nationalism  Ethnic/cultural borders and political borders should be the same Nationalist pressure in Italy, Ireland, Germany, Austro-Hungarian Empire (Balkans), Ottomans, Russia   

Zionism Was the reaction to Anti-Semitism Arthur de Gobineau Race Theories 1853 Dilution of Aryan Greatness Obscure until 1899 Racial selective breeding can improve race Jews are main source of racial degeneration  Contributes to Anti-Semitism Belief that Jews control banks and finances Most Jews were actually poor and lived in ghettos Principles of Zionism Jews need separate state to protect their rights Socialism=> classless society Has elements of Liberalism Classic liberal concepts of rights and priveledges

Italian Unification The main state in charge of Italian unification was Sardinia-Piedmont The "Head" or the leader of Italian unification of Count Cavour, the prime minister of Sardinia-Piedmont The "Sword" or the military leader of Italian unification Giuseppi Garibaldi The "Heart" or strategist of the Italian unification was Giuseppi Mazzini The figurative head of Italian unification was King Victor Emanuel II

Step #1 and #2 of Italian Unification  Garibaldi took a force of about of 1000 men to the Kingdom of to Sicilies and took over the established government with little to no effort Sardinia-Piedmont fights a war with Austria and gains Lombardy All of the northern kingdoms of Italy unify with Sardinia-Piedmont   Step #2: Garibaldi and Cavour meet in the center of Italy and agree to combine their kingdoms, with Garibaldi stepping aside and Cavour taking control in King Victor Emanuel's name  

Step #3 Italy is unified!!!! Franco-Prussian War starts (1870-1871) This made France's troops pull out of Rome Italy takes this opportunity to take Rome Pope Pius IX keeps Vatican City Italy is unified!!!!

Causes of German Unification Zollverein: German Customs Tax. There is no internal tax in Germany. Nationalistic ideas made them want to unify into a powerful German state.   Wilhelm I- first Kaiser of the German state Von Moltke- brings German army into the modern era. - modern weapons/transportation - mass production - utilizes rail systems - system of reserves Bismarck- Prime Minister of Prussia; leads German Unification

Steps 1-2 German Unification Step 1: The Danish War - Schleiswig-Holstein controlled by the Danes. The people there are Germans. The Austrians help the Germans fight the Danes. - Austria gets Holstein. Schlieswig is given to Prussia. Now Holstein, an Austrian state, is sandwiched btwn. 2 Prussian states. Step 2: Austro-Prussian War - Prussia wins the two-front war.

Step 3-4 of German Unification Step 3: Creation of the German Confederation - Germany allies with Prussia - Bismarck eliminates the Austrian led German Confederation. Establishes a Confederation that Prussia could control. KNOWN AS THE PEACE OF PRAGUE Step 4: Franco-Prussian War - 1868 revolt in Spain.Spanish leaders wanted Prince Leopold von Hohenz. [a cousin to the Kaiser & a Catholic], as their new king. - France protested & his name was withdrawn. - The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold. - Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III. - Prussians beat down the French with ease. - French cede Alsace-Lorraine to Germany.

Significance of German Unification Significance - Germany became a country - one of the reasons WWI started or something. - Violated Congress of Vienna rules - German Unification Upsets the balance of power in Europe - Germany “wants their place in the sun” meaning they want to be recognized as a major power - Other countries start to fear the rising country of Germany - The Congress of Vienna goes out the window - All in all, Germany’s unification upset’s the balance of power in Europe causing other European nations to be on their heels.