Integrated Transport and Distribution Management in Shipping DSM2306 Integrated Transport and Distribution Management in Shipping 12 Jan 2015 Voon N. L.

3. Element of ship handling and materials handling (4L, 2T, 14SDL) 3.1 Advantages of information ship directed handling

Handling Systems Mechanized Semi-automated Automated Information-directed systems – combine controls of automated handling with flexibility of mechanized Moderate fixed and variable cost with high flexibility and utilization Offers selected benefits of automation without substantial capital investment Main drawback is accountability regarding work assignment RF wireless (Wi-Fi) Use lift trucks, RFID scanners and data collection terminals Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) Light-directed operations (LDO) Pick-to-light carousel system

Information-directed Systems All material handling movements are directed and monitored by the command of microprocessors. To begin with all required handling movements are fed into the computer for analysis and equipment assignment. Analysis of handling requirements and equipment assignment is done in such a way that direct movements are emphasized and deadhead (unnecessary) movements are minimized. Work assignments are provided to individual forklifts by terminals located on the truck. Communication between the computer and the truck uses radio frequency (RF) waves with antennae located on the forklifts and high up in the warehouse. Information-directed systems can increase productivity by tracking material handler performance and allowing compensation to be based on activity level. A single handling equipment may be involved in loading or unloading several vehicles, selecting many orders, and completing several handling assignments, thus increasing the complexity of work direction.

Information Directed Ship Handling Completely robotic facilities exist for specialized situations Some bulk and container loading/unloading facilities have gone completely robotic Example is the Port of Brisbane in Queensland, Australia Video : Seven News Flashback - Port of Brisbane (13/04/08) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OAHoCI-IAMA

Discussion Advantages of information directed ship handling

Discussion Advantages of information ship directed handling Speed – time saving / cost saving Accuracy Less accident Maximization of space Increased capacity

3. Element of ship handling and materials handling 3.2 Understanding methods of containerisation: rigid and non rigid containerization and palletisation

Unitization Unitization has the basic objective of increasing handling and transport efficiency Unit loads take 1/5 the time required for manual loading and unloading Unitization methods Rigid containers Air Freight Containers Sea-Land Containers Returnable Racks (generally for automotive parts) Flexible containers Pallets Slipsheets

Benefits of rigid containerization Improves overall material movement efficiency Reduces damage in handling and transit Reduces pilferage Reduces protective packaging requirements Provides greater protection from environment Provides a shipment unit that can be reused many times Reduces waste Reduces need to dispose of the container

Discussion / Exercise Discuss the disadvantages of rigid containerization Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of non-rigid containerization

3. Element of ship handling and materials handling 3.3 Container handling equipments

Container Handling Equipments (Conbtainer Handlers)

Container Handling Equipments (Conbtainer Handlers) Reach stackers are able to transport a container in short distances very quickly and pile them in various rows depending on its access. Reach stackers have gained ground in container handling in most markets because of their flexibility and higher stacking and storage capacity when compared to lift trucks.

A Rubber Tyred Gantry crane (RTG crane) is a mobile gantry crane used for stacking intermodal containers within the stacking areas of a container terminal.

A Straddle Carrier is a non road going vehicle for use in port terminals and intermodal yards used for stacking and moving ISO standard containers. These machines have the ability to stack containers up to 4 high. These are capable of relatively low speeds (up to 30km/h) with a laden container.

An RMG travels on rails to lift and stack 20 or 40 containers in the yard area. These cranes are specifically designed for intensive container stacking due to its automation and less need for human handling. Compare to the Rubber Tyred Gantry crane (RTG), the RMG has the advantages of being driven by electrical power, cleaner, bigger lifting capacity, and higher gantry traveling speed with cargo.

A container crane (also container handling gantry crane, ship-to-shore crane) is a design of large dockside gantry cranes found at container terminals for loading and unloading intermodal containers from container ships.

Type of Container Cranes Container Cranes are generally classified their lifting capacity, and the size of the container ships they can load and unload containers Panamax : A “Panamax” crane can fully load and unload containers from a container ship capable of passing through Panama Canal (ships of 12-13 container rowswide) Post Panamax : A “Post-Panamx” crane can fully load and unload containers from a container ship too large (too wide) to pass through the Panama Canal normally about 18 container rowswide). Super-Post Panamax: The largest modern container cranes are classified as “Super-Post Panamax” (for vessels of about 22 container rows wide and/or more).

3. Element of ship handling and materials handling 3.4 Conventional and Specialised Transport (CST)

Modes of Transportation Sea Air Land Rail Pipeline

Special Cargos, Conditions & Services Special cargos can be long, tall, heavy, or delicate Special conditions, which usually cover both conventional and unusual freight in unconventional circumstances. Special services, which usually cover value-added operations in handling conventional freight.

Motor Carriers General freight carriers Specialized carriers Account for majority of all truck revenues and include intercity common carriers and other general carriers Specialized carriers Generate remaining revenues. These include carriers of heavy machinery, liquid petroleum, refrigerated products, agricultural commodities, motor vehicles, building materials, household goods (fragile), and other specialized items