Introduction to Earth Science Prologue

INTRODUCTION TO EARTH SCIENCE -study of Earth’s systems Includes:

Includes: -meteorology

Includes: -meteorology -astronomy

Includes: -meteorology -astronomy -geology

Includes: 1) meteorology 2) astronomy 3) geology 4) oceanography

OBSERVATION- -Use senses for information -We use INSTRUMENTS to extend the senses

OBSERVATION- -Use senses for information -We use INSTRUMENTS to extend the senses INFERENCE- -make a conclusion (guess) -making sense of observations

CLASSIFICATION- -arranging into groups -helps organize information

Scientific notation- “shorthand” for numbers Example: 3.0 x 103 = 3.0 x (10x10x10) = 3000

Do now: 3.5 x 103 = ______________ 8.6 x 105 =_______________ 7.4 x 102 =_______________

80,000 = 8 x 104 = 520,000,000 = 42,000,000,000,000=

PERCENT ERROR- -how wrong you are

? Accepted value = correct answer Measured value = your guess Temperature? Accepted value - measured value PCT ERROR = ---------------------------------------------- x 100% accepted value

? Temperature? Accepted value - measured value PCT ERROR = ---------------------------------------------- x 100% accepted value

There are 495 jellybeans. Accepted value - measured value PCT ERROR = ---------------------------------------------- x 100% accepted value

Practice: A student measures a table to be 1.9m long. In reality it is 2.0m long. What is the percent error of the student? 2.0 – 1.9 X 100 = 5% 2.0

A student measures a room to be 6. 9m. If the actual length is 7 A student measures a room to be 6.9m. If the actual length is 7.5m, the student’s percent error is? 7.5 – 6.9 X 100 = 8% 7.5

A student determines the volume of a cube to be 8. 6cm3 A student determines the volume of a cube to be 8.6cm3. The correct volume is really 8.0cm3. What is the student’s percent error? 8.6 – 8.0 X 100 = 7.5% 8.0

Graphs - A visual way to present data Types of graphs: -line graphs

Types of graphs: -line graphs Uses coordinates (x and y axis)

Types of graphs: -line graphs direct indirect or inverse cyclic relationship relationship relationship

Rules for making graphs: 1) The graph should be as simple and easy to read as possible.

Rules for making graphs: On each axis, equal intervals must represent equal changes

Rules for making graphs: 3) Time is always plotted on the “x” (horizontal) axis

Rules for making graphs: 4) When possible, make best fit line(s)

Rules for making graphs: 5) Fit the graph to the paper. Make it large enough to fit most of the paper.

Rules for making graphs: 6) Label each axis with quantity and units

Rules for making graphs: 7) The graph should make sense.

Can you find the error in this graph? Should be a line graph

Line should not start at zero Neither axis is labeled with units

Labels on axis switched

Graph does not fit line Vertical axis does not increase evenly

DENSITY

Density- -how “heavy” an object is compared to an object of the same size mass Density = ------------------ volume units for mass = g units for volume = cm3 or ml units for density = g/cm3 or g/ml

example: volume of cube = 40cm3 mass of cube = 70g density = ?

but…..

But…What if you cut the cube in half? Do now: volume = 40cm3 20cm3 mass = 70g 35g density = _______________ **the density of an object doesn’t change**

volume of rectangle = _____ mass of rectangle = 100g density = ? Example #2: volume of rectangle = _____ mass of rectangle = 100g density = ? 4 cm 2 cm 3 cm Volume = length x width x height

Which is more dense?

Which is more dense?

Which is more dense?

Which is more dense?

Which is more dense?

Average densities: -water = 1 g/cm3 at 4o C *** below 4oC the density of water decreases. Above 4oC, the density of water increases -Ice 0.5 g/cm3 -Earth = 5.5 g/cm3 -Saturn = 0.7 g/cm3 -human = ?

-How fast something changes change in value rate of change- -How fast something changes change in value rate of change = ---------------------- change in time

example: From 3:00 pm to 6:00 pm the air temperature falls from 85oF to 79oF. What is the rate of change for temperature during this time? Rate of change =

Do now: In 60 years, the shoreline at Rye Beach has shrunk by 30 inches. What is the rate of change for the shoreline?

Some changes are cyclic. Examples: