What is Science? According to the dictionary science is…… systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation

What is Earth Science? Earth Science is the study of Earth and it’s position in the Universe. The study of the physical world around you and the forces that shape this dynamic planet Scientific discovery is made through using the scientific method

What is Earth Science?

What are the Branches Earth Science? Astronomy Meteorology Geology Hydrology

Geology The study of: History Structure Composition of the Earth And the processes that affect Earth

Astronomy The study of the Universe, includes: All matter Time Energy And Space

Oceanography and Hydrology Study of Earth’s oceans Components of the water cycle Effects of Water on the Planet: erosional and depositional consequences

Meteorology Study of the Earth’s atmosphere Including weather and climate

To Learn about Earth Science… Scientists use their senses to make observation and inferences Hypothesize Design experiments Hence follow the scientific method

Scientific Method

PERCENT ERROR- -how wrong you are

? Accepted value = correct answer Measured value = your guess Temperature? Accepted value - measured value PCT ERROR = ---------------------------------------------- x 100% accepted value

? Temperature? Accepted value - measured value PCT ERROR = ---------------------------------------------- x 100% accepted value

There are 495 jellybeans. Accepted value - measured value PCT ERROR = ---------------------------------------------- x 100% accepted value

Practice: A student measures a table to be 1.9m long. In reality it is 2.0m long. What is the percent error of the student? 2.0 – 1.9 X 100 = 5% 2.0

A student measures a room to be 6. 9m. If the actual length is 7 A student measures a room to be 6.9m. If the actual length is 7.5m, the student’s percent error is? 7.5 – 6.9 X 100 = 8% 7.5

A student determines the volume of a cube to be 8. 6cm3 A student determines the volume of a cube to be 8.6cm3. The correct volume is really 8.0cm3. What is the student’s percent error? 8.6 – 8.0 X 100 = 7.5% 8.0

Observations, Inferences, Classification An observation is an interaction of our senses with the environment What is used to make an observation? the five senses Page 1

Senses Can your senses be fooled? Lets see

YELLOW

BLUE

ORANGE

BLACK

RED

GREEN

PURPLE

YELLOW

RED

ORANGE

GREEN

BLACK

BLUE

RED

PURPLE

GREEN

BLUE

ORANGE

What can you use to extend your powers of observation? D. Instruments Identify instruments 1-10 **Add pictures & names of instruments** Page 2

Inference An educated guess or interpretation based upon your observations and your life experiences Page 2

Observation VS. Inference Answers to puppy page part B Observations 4 dogs 1 large & 3 small Spotted Black & white Page 3

Observation VS. Inference Answers to puppy page part B Inferences Large dog is the mother & 3 small are the puppies Puppies are hungry They are Dalmatians Page 3

Observation VS. Inference Answers to puppy page part C a. O b. I c. O a. I b. O Page 3

Observation VS. Inference Answers to puppy page part C a. I b. O a. O b. I Page 3

Scientific Method

Lab: How many Candies? Your procedure is a series of steps to solve the problem It’s a set of directions to guide the scientist through the experiment Like directions to your house Don’t assume anything

Lab: How many Candies? Record your results Procedure: Mass the full cup of M&Ms with the balance Mass the empty cup with the balance Determine the mass of the M&Ms by finding the difference of the full cup and empty cup Find the mass of a single M&M Calculate the number of M&Ms in the cup by dividing the total mass of the M&Ms/ by the mass of a single M&M Record your results

Percent Deviation or Error the amount of error in a measurement or experiment Formula found on page 1 of ESRT

Formulas density: percent error (deviation): rate of change:

Classification Based on properties or characteristics of an object Classification systems enable the investigator to organize data in a meaningful way Page 3

Answers to Questions on page 4 3 4 2 1 Page 4

Measurement All measurements consist of: Numerical values Labeled units Linear Measurement- is the distance between 2 points 1. Ruler Page 5

Metric Conversions Proceed to Metric Conversion power point Page 5

Metric System Basics

Metric System The metric system is based on a base unit that corresponds to a certain kind of measurement Length = meter Volume = liter Weight (Mass) = gram Prefixes plus base units make up the metric system Example: Centi + meter = Centimeter Kilo + liter = Kiloliter

Metric System The three prefixes that we will use the most are: kilo centi milli kilo hecto deca Base Units meter gram liter deci centi milli

Metric System So if you needed to measure length you would choose meter as your base unit Length of a tree branch 1.5 meters Length of a room 5 meters Length of a ball of twine stretched out 25 meters

Metric System But what if you need to measure a longer distance, like from your house to school? Let’s say you live approximately 10 miles from school 10 miles = 16093 meters 16093 is a big number, but what if you could add a prefix onto the base unit to make it easier to manage: 16093 meters = 16.093 kilometers (or 16.1 if rounded to 1 decimal place)

Metric System These prefixes are based on powers of 10. What does this mean? From each prefix every “step” is either: 10 times larger or 10 times smaller For example Centimeters are 10 times larger than millimeters 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters kilo hecto deca Base Units meter gram liter deci centi milli

Metric System Centimeters are 10 times larger than millimeters so it takes more millimeters for the same length 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters Example not to scale 40 41 1 mm 40 41 1 cm

Metric System For each “step” to right, you are multiplying by 10 For example, let’s go from a base unit to centi 1 liter = 10 deciliters = 100 centiliters 2 grams = 20 decigrams = 200 centigrams ( 1 x 10 = 10) = (10 x 10 = 100) (2 x 10 = 20) = (20 x 10 = 200) kilo hecto deca meter liter gram deci centi milli

Metric System An easy way to move within the metric system is by moving the decimal point one place for each “step” desired Example: change meters to centimeters 1 meter = 10 decimeters = 100 centimeters or 1.00 meter = 10.0 decimeters = 100. centimeters kilo hecto deca meter liter gram deci centi milli

Metric System Now let’s try our previous example from meters to kilometers: 16093 meters = 1609.3 decameters = 160.93 hectometers = 16.093 kilometers So for every “step” from the base unit to kilo, we moved the decimal 1 place to the left (the same direction as in the diagram below) kilo hecto deca meter liter gram deci centi milli

Metric System If you move to the left in the diagram, move the decimal to the left If you move to the right in the diagram, move the decimal to the right kilo hecto deca meter liter gram deci centi milli

Metric System Now let’s start from centimeters and convert to kilometers 400000 centimeters = 4 kilometers 400000 centimeters = 4.00000 kilometers kilo hecto deca meter liter gram deci centi milli

Metric System Now let’s start from meters and convert to kilometers 4000 meters = 4 kilometers kilo hecto deca meter liter gram deci centi milli Now let’s start from centimeters and convert to meters 4000 centimeters = 40 meters kilo hecto deca meter liter gram deci centi milli

Metric System Now let’s start from meters and convert to centimeters 5 meters = 500 centimeters kilo hecto deca meter liter gram deci centi milli Now let’s start from kilometers and convert to meters .3 kilometers = 300 meters kilo hecto deca meter liter gram deci centi milli

Metric System Now let’s start from kilometers and convert to millimeters 4 kilometers = 4000000 millimeters or 4 kilometers = 40 hectometers = 400 decameters = 4000 meters = 40000 decimeters = 400000 centimeters = 4000000 millimeters kilo hecto deca meter liter gram deci centi milli

Metric System Summary Base units in the metric system are meter, liter, gram Metric system is based on powers of 10 For conversions within the metric system, each “step” is 1 decimal place to the right or left Using the diagram below, converting to the right, moves the decimal to the right and vice versa kilo hecto deca meter liter gram deci centi milli

Volume Is the amount of space an object occupies Page 6

VOLUME of an irregularly shaped object: What instrument would be used to measure the volume of an object such as a rock? graduated cylinder

Describe the process you would use. VOLUME of an irregularly shaped object: Describe the process you would use. Put water into cylinder measure volume of water place object in cylinder re-measure volume of water subtract volumes Page 7

What instrument would be used to measure this object’s volume? Volume of a regular rectangular object: What instrument would be used to measure this object’s volume? ruler Page 7

What is the formula for finding the volume of this object? V = L x W x H H W L Page 7

Calculate the volume of this object to the nearest tenth of a cubic centimeter. Show all formulas. V = L x W x H = 4.0 x 3.2 x 12.3 = 157.4 cm³ Page 7

scale NOTHING! THE NUMBER OF ATOMS REMAINS THE SAME Name the common scientific instrument used to measure mass: Mass is the amount of matter in an object scale If an object is heated, what happens to its mass? Why? NOTHING! THE NUMBER OF ATOMS REMAINS THE SAME Page 9

HOW TIGHTLY PACKED THE ATOMS ARE Density Page 10 DENSITY: Let’s give it a try!

Sample Problems density = mass / volume = 240g / 12cm³ = 20.0 g/cm³ A rock has a mass of 240g and a volume of 12cm³. Showing all formulas and calculations, determine the density of the rock. Sample Problems density = mass / volume = 240g / 12cm³ = 20.0 g/cm³ Page 10

Sample Problems If the empty container has a mass of 100g and the filled container has a mass of 250g. What is the density of the liquid inside? Show all work below. Sample Problems mass of liquid 250g – 100g = 150g density of liquid density = mass/volume Page 11 = 150g /100mL = 1.5 g/mL

What happens to the density of an object when it is split into smaller parts? why? Density nothing! the atoms are still packed the same Page 13

Density expands less page 7 less DENSITY: HOW TIGHTLY PACKED THE ATOMS ARE Density When an object is heated, it and the atoms become packed. Therefore the object becomes dense. expands less page 7 less Page 14

Density expands less page 7 less DENSITY: HOW TIGHTLY PACKED THE ATOMS ARE Density When an object is heated, it and the atoms become packed. Therefore the object becomes dense. expands less page 7 less Page 14

Density contracts more page 7 more DENSITY: HOW TIGHTLY PACKED THE ATOMS ARE Density When an object is cooled, it and the atoms become packed. Therefore the object becomes dense. contracts more page 7 more

Density density page 7 temperature Page 14

Density density Pressure Page 14

The density of water when it is most dense is: Density of water: 1.00 g/mL

Any material with a density less than water will Density of water: Float or Sink Any material with a density less than water will Any material with a density greater than water will FLOAT SINK

D = m ÷ v = 25g ÷ 50mL = 0.5 g/mL Density of water example: If an object has a mass of 25g and a volume of 50mL, will it sink or float in liquid water? D = m ÷ v = 25g ÷ 50mL = 0.5 g/mL it will FLOAT

Phases of Matter & Density During which phase of matter (solid, liquid, or gas) are most materials: most dense? least dense? solid gas

Graphical Relationships Direct Relationship: increases As one variable increases, the other __________________.

Graphical Relationships Examples

Graphical Relationships Indirect Relationship: decreases As one variable increases, the other __________________

Graphical Relationships Examples

Graphical Relationships Cyclic Relationship: As one variable increases, the other changes in a predictable pattern Events that are cyclic are also ___________________ predictable

Graphical Relationships Examples

Graphical Relationships No Relationship: stays the same As one variable increases, the other __________________

rate of change- -How fast something changes over a unit of time i.e. feet per second (ft./sec), or miles per hour (m/ h) Equation located on page 1 of ESRT

example: From 3:00 pm to 6:00 pm the air temperature falls from 85oF to 79oF. What is the rate of change for temperature during this time? Rate of change =

Do now: In 60 years, the shoreline at Rye Beach has shrunk by 30 inches. What is the rate of change for the shoreline?

How to Construct a Graph Why Graph? Graphs - It’s a visual way to present data This allows you to easily identify relationships between the variables And recognize rates of change by looking at the slope of the line Types of graphs: -line graphs

Types of graphs: -line graphs Uses coordinates (x and y axis)

Types of graphs: -line graphs direct indirect or inverse cyclic relationship relationship relationship

Rules for making graphs: 1) The graph should be as simple and easy to read as possible.

Rules for making graphs: On each axis, equal intervals must represent equal changes

Rules for making graphs: 3) Time is always plotted on the “x” (horizontal) axis

Rules for making graphs: 4) When possible, make best fit line(s)

Rules for making graphs: 5) Fit the graph to the paper. Make it large enough to fit most of the paper.

Rules for making graphs: 6) Label each axis with quantity and units

Rules for making graphs: 7) The graph should make sense.

Can you find the error in this graph? Should be a line graph

Line should not start at zero Neither axis is labeled with units

Labels on axis switched

Graph does not fit line Vertical axis does not increase evenly

Dynamic Equilibrium Give a real life, earth science example of a system that is in dynamic equilibrium.

Dynamic Equilibrium Give a real life, earth science example of a system that is in dynamic equilibrium.

Interfaces fronts Give a real-life, earth science example of an interface. fronts

earth science, examples Cyclic events Give three real-life, earth science, examples of cyclic events phases of moon yearly temperatures sunspots tides sunrise & sunset