Acid Rain Acid rain is basically rain that has a higher than normal acid level (low pH).

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Presentation transcript:

Acid Rain Acid rain is basically rain that has a higher than normal acid level (low pH).

What is acid rain? Rain, snow,fog,or hail that carries pollutants (acids) from the air to (acids) from the air to the ground.

Causes of Acid Rain Occurrence Basically Acid rain is caused by two air pollutants, Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) which are both produced through combustion. But about 50% SO2 in the atmosphere occurs naturally throughout the world, for example, from volcanic eruptions and forest fires are natural. While the other 50% comes from human activities, for example due to BBF combustion, metal smelting and power generation. Crude oils have sulfur from 0.1% to 3% and coal 0.4% to 5%. BBF Left on fuel, it oxidizes the sulfur into sulfur dioxide (SO2) and loose in the air. Sulfur oxides are later transformed into sulfuric acid.

about 50% SO2 in the atmosphere occurs naturally throughout the world

the other 50% comes from human activities. Crude oils have sulfur from 0.1% to 3% and coal 0.4% to 5%. it oxidizes the sulfur into sulfur dioxide (SO2) and loose in the air. Sulfur oxides are later transformed into sulfuric acid.

Causes of Acid Rain Burning petrol and oil in vehicle engines gives off nitrogen oxides as gases. Burning coal. Oil and natural gas in power stations makes electricity, giving off sulphur dioxide gas. These gases mix with water vapour and rainwater in the atmosphere producing weak solutions of sulphuric and nitric acids – which fall as acid rain.

The Problem! People probably couldn't live without electricity! Therefore coal will continue to be burnt. Also, electricity and energy are constantly being overused. Think of it this way: every time you turn on a light switch or the television set without really needing to, you're indirectly contributing to the acid rain problem.

More problems!!! Acid rain can travel long distances. Often it doesn’t fall where the gas is produced. High chimneys disperse (spread) the gases and winds blow them great distances before they dissolve and fall to Earth as rain. Eg gases produced in England and Western Europe can result in acid rain in Scotland and Scandinavia.

Transport Currently, both the railway industry and the aeroplane industry are having to spend a lot of money to repair the corrosive damage done by acid rain. Also, bridges have collapsed in the past due to acid rain corrosion.

Effects of Acid Rain EGEE 102 - Pisupati

Regions Affected Several regions in the U.S. were identified as containing many of the surface waters sensitive to acidification. They include the Adirondacks and Catskill Mountains in New York state, the mid-Appalachian highlands along the east coast, the upper Midwest, and mountainous areas of the Western United States. In areas like the Northeastern United States, where soil buffering capacity is poor, some lakes now have a pH value of less than 5. One of the most acidic lakes reported is Little Echo Pond in Franklin, New York. Little Echo Pond has a pH of 4.2. EGEE 102 - Pisupati

Cycle of ACID RAIN

Chemical processes Combustion of fuels produces sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides. They are converted into sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Gas phase chemistry In the gas phase sulfur dioxide is oxidized by reaction with the hydroxyl radical via an intermolecular reaction:[5] SO2 + OH· → HOSO2· which is followed by: HOSO2· + O2 → HO2· + SO3 In the presence of water, sulfur trioxide (SO3) is converted rapidly to sulfuric acid: SO3 (g) + H2O (l) → H2SO4 (aq) Nitrogen dioxide reacts with OH to form nitric acid: NO2 + OH· → HNO3 Chemistry in cloud droplets When clouds are present, the loss rate of SO2 is faster than can be explained by gas phase chemistry alone. This is due to reactions in the liquid water droplets. Hydrolysis Sulfur dioxide dissolves in water and then, like carbon dioxide, hydrolyses in a series of equilibrium reactions: SO2 (g) + H2O SO2·H2O SO2·H2O H+ + HSO3− HSO3− H+ + SO32− Oxidation There are a large number of aqueous reactions that oxidize sulfur from S(IV) to S(VI), leading to the formation of sulfuric acid. The most important oxidation reactions are with ozone, hydrogen peroxide and oxygen (reactions with oxygen are catalyzed by iron and manganese in the cloud droplets)

How Acid Rain Affects The Environment Acid rain is an extremely destructive form of pollution, and the environment suffers from its effects. Forests, trees, lakes, animals, and plants suffer from acid rain. Trees The needles and leaves of the trees turn brown and fall off. Trees can also suffer from stunted growth; and have damaged bark and leaves, which makes them vulnerable to weather, disease, and insects.

All of this happens partly because of direct contact between trees and acid rain, but it also happens when trees absorb soil that has come into contact with acid rain. The soil poisons the tree with toxic substances that the rain has deposited into it.

Lakes are also damaged by acid rain Lakes are also damaged by acid rain. Fish die off, and that removes the main source of food for birds. Acid rain can even kill fish before they are born when the eggs are laid and come into contact with the acid. Fish usually die only when the acid level of a lake is high; when the acid level is lower, they can become sick, suffer stunted growth, or lose their ability to reproduce. Also, birds can die from eating "toxic" fish and insects.

Buildings Acid rain dissolves the stonework and mortar of buildings (especially those made out of sandstone or limestone). It reacts with the minerals in the stone to form a powdery substance that can be washed away by rain.

Humans Humans can become seriously ill, and can even die from the effects of acid rain. One of the major problems that acid rain can cause in a human being is respiratory problems. Many can find it difficult to breathe, especially people who have asthma. Asthma, along with dry coughs, headaches, and throat irritations can be caused by the sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides from acid rain.

Acid rain can be absorbed by both plants (through soil and/or direct contact) and animals (from things they eat and/or direct contact). When humans eat these plants or animals, the toxins inside of their meals can affect them. Brain damage, kidney problems, and Alzheimer's disease has been linked to people eating "toxic" animals/plants.

Research carried out in North America in 1982, revealed that sulphur pollution killed 51,000 people and about 200,000 people become ill as a result of the pollution.

What are the solutions to acid rain?

Solutions 1. Sulphur dioxide can be removed from power stations chimneys but this process is expensive. 2. Reduce the amount of electricity we use - turn tv’s off at the mains, don’t leave on standby. turn off lights when a room is not in use. 3. Use renewable energy like wind power, solar panels, tidal power, HEP schemes and geothermal energy. 4. Fit catalytic converters to vehicle exhausts which remove the nitrogen oxides. 5. Limit the number of vehicles on the roads and increase public transport.

Individual Action Turn off lights, computers, and other appliances when you're not using them Use energy efficient appliances: lighting, air conditioners, heaters, refrigerators, washing machines, etc. Only use electric appliances when you need them. Keep your thermostat at 68 F in the winter and 72 F in the summer. You can turn it even lower in the winter and higher in the summer when you are away from home. Insulate your home as best you can. Carpool, use public transportation, or better yet, walk or bicycle whenever possible Buy vehicles with low NOx emissions, and maintain all vehicles well. EGEE 102 - Pisupati