Personal Rule 1629-40 ‘The breakdown of Charles I’s PR in 1640 was sudden and unexpected’. How far do you agree? Assess the reasons why Charles I’s PR became widely unpopular in England How effective was the policy of ‘thorough’ in England and Ireland? How successful was Charles I’s Personal Rule?

Religious Policy Laud – High Church Arminian appointments inc Wren Book of Sports Beauty of Holiness – altar movement Gentry pews removed Use of High commission ‘Lordly prelate raised from the dunghill’ Burton, Bastwick and Prynne Henrietta Maria and converting of courtiers

Scotland Presbyterian Prayer Book Jenny Geddes Guns Scottish National Convention Bishops Wars

Thorough Strafford in Ireland Improved admin in I Bully – upset families like the Burke family Galway Created a sleeping monster – October 1641 In England meant rigorous carrying out of laws – not illegal just not how it had been done for years Would Strafford use same methods used in Ireland with Scots and English

Finance –Ship Money Very unpopular because collected on all and in peacetime BUT was collected of £190,000 only £5,000 not collected Financial stability – Portland balanced crown income with expenditure of £618,000 Hampden’s case

Finance - other Charles I‘s extravagance meant not live of his own Forest Fines Distraint of Knighthood Nuisances Made him unpopular with gentry Revenue raised by Portland went up by 25% Could not pay for war

Foreign Policy Thirty years war – neutrality But neutrality in favour of Spain – ships Policy might be justified in that peace was better for trade/merchants Bishops Wars – disaster for PR – cover both 1st and 2nd

Absolutism Calling back of Strafford Prerogative Courts Imposition of policies Short Parliament – shows views of Parl but also its dismissal shows King still thinks he is in charge = absolute