Introduction to Microprocessors EE3541 Introduction to Microprocessors Medien Zeghid EE Department PRINCE SATTAM BIN ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY COLEGE OF ENGINEERING AT WADI ADDAWASER

Overview Textbook: Objectives: Grading: J. L. Antonakos, "An Introduction to the Intel Family of Microprocessors," Third Edition, Prentice Hall, 1999 Objectives: The course will provide knowledge to build and program microprocessor-based systems. DIAGRAM OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM Microprocessor architecture Architecture of microprocessor-based systems Programming microprocessor-based systems Future trends Grading: Two midterms, one final exam, 1 project, ……

What are microprocessor-based systems? Microprocessor-based systems are electrical systems consisting of microprocessors, memories, I/O units, and other peripherals. Microprocessors are the brains of the systems Microprocessors access memories and other units through buses The operations of microprocessors are controlled by instructions stored in memories Memory Output units Input Bus Microprocessor Control unit Datapath ALU Reg.

Pentium D dual core processors Basic component of microcomputer CPU - Central Processing Unit the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program the primary element carrying out the computer's functions. It is the unit that reads and executes program instructions. The data in the instruction tells the processor what to do. Pentium D dual core processors

2. Memory physical devices used to store data or programs (sequences of instructions) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in an electronic digital computer. Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties: random-access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it, but ROM is pre-loaded with data and software that never changes, so the CPU can only read from it. ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up instructions. In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the computer is turned off, but ROM retains its data indefinitely. In a PC, the ROM contains a specialized program called the BIOS that orchestrates loading the computer's operating system from the hard disk drive into RAM whenever the computer is turned on or reset.

What are microprocessors? A microprocessor is a processor (or Central Processing Unit, CPU) fabricated on a single integrated circuit. X Y Control unit IR PC ALU ACC MAR Data bus Control bus Address bus A simple microprocessor architecture

Bus system a subsystem that transfers data between computer components inside a computer or between computers.

Evolution of Computers First generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube Second generation (1954-1959) - transistor Third generation (1959-1971) - IC Fourth generation (1971-present) - microprocessor Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html

Evolution of Computers First generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube IBM 650, 1954 Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html http://www.cs.virginia.edu/brochure/museum.html http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/650.html

Evolution of Computers Second generation (1954-1959) - transistor Manchester University Experimental Transistor Computer Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html http://www.computer50.org/kgill/transistor/trans.html

Evolution of Computers Third generation (1959-1971) - IC PDP-8, Digital Equipment Corporation Thanks to the use of ICs, the DEC PDP-8 is the least expensive general purpose small computer in 1960s Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html http://www.piercefuller.com/collect/pdp8.html

Evolution of Computers Fourth generation (1971-present) - microprocessor In 1971, Intel developed 4-bit 4004 chip for calculator applications. ALU Instruction decoder Reg. Program counter I/O Refresh logic System bus Control logic ROM/RAM buffer Timing Reset http://www.intel.com Block diagram of Intel 4004 4004 chip layout A good review article: The History of The Microprocessor, Bell Labs Technical Journal, Autumn, 1997

Evolution of Intel Microprocessors Number of transistors Minimum transistor sizes (µm) 8080 8088 80286 80386 80486 Pentium P II P III P 4 8080 8088 80286 80386 80486 Pentium P II P III P 4 Clock frequencies (MHz) MIPS 8080 8088 80286 80386 80486 Pentium P II P III P 4 8080 8088 80286 80386 80486 Pentium P II P III P 4

Other Commercial Microprocessors PowerPC (IBM, Motorola) Athlon, Dulon, Hammer (AMD) Crusoe (Transmeta) SPARC, UltraSPARC (Sun Microsystems) TI’s TMS DSP chips (Texas Instruments) StarCore (Motorola, Agere) ARM cores (Advanced RISC Machines) MIPS cores (MIPS Technologies)      

Applications of Microprocessor-Based Systems Computers System performance is normally the most important design concern Memory Timing & control Keyboard Interrupt ... Monitor Micro- processor Disk Other peripherals Bus Block diagram of a computer

Applications of Microprocessor-Based Systems Microcontrollers A microcontroller is a simple computer implemented in a single VLSI chip. CPU RAM ROM Timer Interrupt I/O port USART A/D, D/A OSC. In general, microcontrollers are cheap and have low performance Microcontrollers are widely used in industrial control, automobile and home applications Block diagram of a microcontroller

Applications of Microprocessor-Based Systems ASICs http://www.ti.com Microprocessors are embedded into ASIC chips to implement complex functions In general, it requires that the microprocessors have low power consumption and take small silicon area A TI baseband chip for cellular phone applications

Class Objectives Hardware architecture of microprocessor-based systems Microprocessor architecture Memory organization I/O units of microprocessor-based systems How to put them together Programming of microprocessor-based systems Intel 80x86 instruction set Microprocessor Interrupt services Assembly language programming

Topics Introduction of microprocessor-based systems (Ch. 1) Intel 8086 microprocessor architecture (Ch.2) Intel 8086 Addressing modes (Ch.3) Hardware Detail of Intel 8086 (Ch.4) Assembly language programming (Ch. 5) Intel 80x86 instruction set (Ch. 6, 7) Subroutine and Interrupt Instructions (Ch. 8) Memory organization in microprocessor-based systems (Ch. 9) I/O systems (Ch. 10)   Microprocessor interrupt and interrupt services (Ch. 11) Disk systems and file (Ch. 12) Topics in advanced computer architecture (Ch. 13)