Logistics “Without supplies neither a general nor a soldier is good for anything” - Clearchus of Sparta 401 B.C.

Where does Military Logistics belong ? Strategy Logistics Tactics Without supplies neither a general nor a soldier is good for anything - Clearchus of Sparta 401 B.C.

What is “Logistics” Military Logistics The combination of all aspects of support for the operational capability of the military forces (deployed or in garrison) and their equipment to ensure combat reliability Without supplies neither a general nor a soldier is good for anything - Clearchus of Sparta 401 B.C.

Combat Service Support Functions CSS OVERVIEW 9/12/2018 2:31 PM Combat Service Support Functions Combat Service Support (CSS) includes the essential capabilities, functions, activities, and tasks necessary to sustain all elements of operating forces in theater at all levels of war. - The 11 CSS functions include: Supply Field Services Maintenance Transportation Health Service Support (NOTE: Referred to as Force Health Protection at the HBCT level) Religious Support Legal Support Explosive Ordnance Disposal Support Band Support Financial Management Operations Human Resource Support (FM 4-0, page 1-6 thru 1-8) ELO A Supply- is the acquiring, managing, receiving, storing, and issuing all classes of supply, except Class VIII. Field Services-essential service to enhance the Soldiers’ quality of life. i.e. clothing exchange, laundry and shower, textile repair, and mortuary affairs. NOTE the use of the term maintenance vs. ordnance – IAW Chapter 8, page 8-1, Ordnance includes maintenance, explosive ordnance disposal (listed separately as one of the 11 CSS functions), and ammunition support. [Class V is included as a supply.] Ordnance- actions taken to keep equipment serviceable. It includes preventive maintenance, recovery, evacuation, and diagnostics. Transportation-moving and transferring units, personnel, equipment, and supplies to support the concept of the operation. It incorporates military, commercial, and multinational capabilities. Health Service Support-consists of all services performed, provided, or arranged to promote, improve, or conserve the physical well being of Soldiers. This is done by preventing disease, clearing the battlefield of casualties, providing far forward treatment, dental, veterinary, and class VIII supplies. HSS is referred to as Force Health Protection at the HBCT level.

Levels of War Operational Level Tactical Level Strategic Level CSS OVERVIEW 9/12/2018 2:31 PM Levels of War Strategic Level Operational Level Tactical Level (FM 4-0, Chapter 4) ELO A The strategic level deals with attaining national objectives. It involves the integrated efforts of the President and Secretary of Defense (SECDEF), the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and several National agencies, including the Department of Defense (DOD). However, many of the agencies may perform functions associated with the strategic, operational, and tactical levels, either through split-based operations or by deploying elements to the AO. Strategic-level support links the global economic base (people, resources, and industry) to military operations in theater. At this level, the joint staff, military departments, U.S. Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM), Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) , and other DOD agencies focus on force readiness and supporting force projection operations. As indicated above, FM 4-0 breaks the strategic level of CSS down into two sub-levels: National-Strategic and Theater-Strategic. As their names imply, there is a slight difference. To the students, however, this is unimportant. National-Strategic focuses on the “Big Picture” of war, whereas, Theater-Strategic looks at operations with a theater that has strategic implications, as opposed to operational level. The next slide highlights some areas that fall into both lanes.

Operational Level of CSS CSS OVERVIEW 9/12/2018 2:31 PM Operational Level of CSS Links the strategic and tactical levels Support personnel at this level coordinate support from the strategic level to meet the needs at the tactical level Includes the support required to conduct campaigns, major operations, and other operations within the AO (FM 4-0, Chapter 4) ELO A The operational level of CSS links tactical requirements to strategic capabilities to accomplish operational plans. It includes the support required to sustain campaigns and major operations. It enables success at the tactical level. Operational CSS focuses on deployment sequence/prioritization, RSOI, logistic support of campaign, facilities positioning, distribution management, reconstitution of ARFOR capabilities, Regional Support Agreement implementation, and LOCs to tactical units. Operational logisticians must also meet responsibilities for joint and multinational support. Pictured is a LMSR unloading a M1A2 at a SPOD, and a AH64 shrink wrapped

Tactical Level of CSS Focuses on: CSS OVERVIEW 9/12/2018 2:31 PM Tactical Level of CSS Focuses on: Supporting the commander’s intent and concept of operation to maximize his freedom of action Providing the right support at the right time Providing four key CSS functions: Supply Maintenance Transportation Health Service Support (FM 4-0, Chapter 4) ELO A

Operational Reach and Sustainability CSS OVERVIEW 9/12/2018 2:31 PM Operational Reach and Sustainability The distance (space) and duration (time) we can successfully employ our military capabilities Reflects the operating ranges of combat and supporting forces Civil War - circa 1860 Desert Shield - 1990 (FM 4-0, Chapter 3, pages 3-4 thru 3-6) ELO A Operational reach is influenced not only by the relative combat power of opposing forces, but by their ability to support too. If military operations exceed operational reach then culmination occurs. NOTE: Obviously not much has changed since the Civil War as to how logisticians execute supply operations versus the Army Of Excellence in DOS. Future Force will eliminate the need to build or have excess supplies on hand – more distribution oriented. What does culmination mean? It means we have spent ourselves. It’s the point at which we lose the initiative and start getting beaten back. How do we prevent this? One way is through a tactical or operational pause. We slow our tempo of operations to allow the CSS elements to catch-up; but this also gives the enemy a chance to prepare for us, so we loose the initiative. What we really want is to continuously adjust our “operational reach,” in other words, move our CSS elements forward so that we do not ever reach the culmination point.

Military Distribution of Logistics CSS OVERVIEW Military Distribution of Logistics 9/12/2018 2:31 PM Mass-Based Sense and Respond BSB More is better Mountains of stuff measured in days of supply Mass begets mass and slows everything down Agility is better Dynamically positioned Inventory throughout world Use transportation flexibility Presentation: Kratz- FT Lee ALMC 062805 Initial Draft- 11 Jul 05, FM 4-93.2 (The Sustainment Brigade) Chapter 1-9. One goal of a transformed logistics system is to eliminate reliance on stockpiles located at each echelon. Those stockpiles are vulnerable to enemy attack, difficult to move, and reduce the tactical commander’s flexibility. Distribution in the new logistics system substitutes speed for mass. This transformed logistics system combines situational understanding by way of the Common Operational Picture (COP) and capabilities with efficient delivery systems to form a seamless distribution pipeline. The supply pipeline becomes the warehouse and represents inventory in motion. The logistics imperative of increased velocity reduces both organizational and material layering. Logisticians control the destination, speed, and volume of the distribution system. With In-Transit Visibility (ITV), Total Asset Visibility (TAV), advanced materiel management, and advanced decision support system technology, logisticians will have access and visibility over all items within the distribution pipeline. This allows logisticians to divert, cross-level, and mass logistics assets anywhere, anytime to support the maneuver commander. Logisticians maintain situational awareness of the battlefield via the COP, which greatly facilitates logistics planning and execution.

World War II Logistical functions improved Most generals and admirals were acquainted with logistics Amount of logistical support was staggering: US 1944 the army post office handled 3,611,920,000 letters. Logistics failures in Africa – too long log supply lines Without supplies neither a general nor a soldier is good for anything - Clearchus of Sparta 401 B.C.

COLD WAR Warsaw Pact Logistics NATO Logistics Based on an Offensive strategy Bring what you need When you are out of resources, your mission is fulfilled, the next unit will take over Reconstitution of used units Based on an defensive or static strategy Ship in resources from the rear lines (personnel, equipment, consumables) Builds on a battle rhythm in the supply chain Without supplies neither a general nor a soldier is good for anything - Clearchus of Sparta 401 B.C.

First Gulf War In Desert Shield/Desert Storm, more than 350 ships in more than 500 voyages supported the multilateral coalition, delivering an average of 42,000 tons of cargo each day. (During all of World War II, an average of 28,000 tons per day was carried) Show muscles/capability Impose a threat/ Win without fight Without supplies neither a general nor a soldier is good for anything - Clearchus of Sparta 401 B.C.

SUSTAINING THE FORCE (OIF): WHAT’S HAPPENING NOW? Supply Chain and Distribution based systems rather than tactical stockpiles Increased reliance on Commercial Capabilities and Contractors Dependence on others for Speed and Precision What’s changed since Desert Storm? Stockpiles are gone Front lines are gone Joint Distribution goes to the Tactical Level BG Charlie Fletcher, United States Army, Deputy G-4 Without supplies neither a general nor a soldier is good for anything - Clearchus of Sparta 401 B.C.