Civil War and Reconstruction, 1850-1877 Unit 7 Chapter 14 Two Societies at War

The Road to Secession Secession of the Deep South Fort Sumter, April 12 Secession of the Upper South Keeping the Border States MO, KY, MD, DE (& WV)

Expansion of Presidential Power Increased size of military Suspended writ of habeas corpus Ex Parte Merriman Martial Law in Maryland Outlawed slavery despite Dred Scott

Economic & Social Mobilization Union Confederacy Volunteers & the Draft Conscription Act (1863) New York City Draft Riots (1863) Volunteers & the Draft Conscription (1862) exemptions slaves New York Draft Riots--Battle in Second Avenue (Collection of Picture Research Consultants & Archives)

Economic & Social Mobilization Union Confederacy Pacific Railway Act (1862) Homestead Act (1862) Morrill Tariff Act (1861) Income Tax Greenbacks Bonds National Banking System (1863) Bonds Taxes? States’ Rights vs. Central control Printing more money “Runaway Inflation” Bread Riots (1863)

A Northern View of Jeff Davis

War’s Purpose – Toward Emancipation Preserve the Union Confiscation Acts Contraband of war Battle of Antietam (Sept 1862) The Emancipation Proclamation Reframes war’s purpose Gettysburg Address, 1863 Thirteenth Amendment African Americans in the War left plantations enlisted in Union army Company E, 4th U.S. Colored Infantry, 1864. (Chicago Historical Society)

Emancipation in 1863

Early Phase of the War Union Strategy – Anaconda Plan Confederate Strategy fight defensively & capture D.C. Confederate Initiative & Daring Robert E. Lee Stonewall Jackson Defending a way of life

Union Victory Greater Resources Key victories population / wealth / industry / railroads Key victories Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863 Vicksburg, July 4, 1863 Improved Strategy & Leadership

Rating the North & the South

Railroad Lines, 1860

Union Victory Sherman’s March to the Sea, 1864 “War is hell” “War is cruelty. There is no use trying to reform it. The crueler it is, the sooner it will be over.” Grant’s war of attrition in Virginia Siege of Richmond

Lincoln Assassination April 14, 1865 John Wilkes Booth Part of larger conspiracy to kill VP Johnson and Secretary of State Seward “Now he belongs the ages.” Secretary of War Edwin Stanton

End of War Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House April 1865 Wilmer McLean 620,000 dead-Arlington National Cemetery Secession and nullification died with Confederacy “Lost Cause” of the South War economy lays foundation for 2nd Industrial Revolution Republican Party moves from party of Lincoln to the party of Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Vanderbilt.

What was Reconstruction?

Attempt to achieve national reunification and reconciliation after the Civil War and to improve the status of former slaves. Both would prove difficult to do. The North prevailed during the Civil War. The South prevailed after the war.

Reconstruction – Who’s in Charge? Lincoln’s Plan “10% plan” Moderate Republican Plan: Wade-Davis Bill (1864) “Iron-clad oath” (50%) Johnson’s Plan (1865) Pardons Black Codes

Reconstruction – Who’s in Charge? Radical Republican Plan Charles Sumner & Thaddeus Stevens reorder Southern race relations Military Reconstruction Acts (1867) Johnson Vetoes Impeachment (1868) new balance of power between Congress & President

Reconstruction -- Success Freedman’s Bureau schools 14th Amendment African American citizenship equal protection under the law 15th Amendment voting rights Impact on women’s rights both emboldened & divided the movement

Reconstruction – Failure Limited land access to freedmen sharecropping / crop-lien system prevented self-sufficiency Weakening Reconstruction waning Northern resolve Panic of 1873 Compromise of 1877

Reconstruction – Failure Supreme Court weakens 14th amendment Slaughter-House Cases, 1873 U.S. v. Cruikshank, 1875 local political tactics Poll tax, literacy test, grandfather clause. segregation Jim Crow Laws Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 “separate but equal” violence Ku Klux Klan lynchings