The Science of Psychology Chapter 1 The Science of Psychology © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Chapter Preview Defining psychology and exploring its roots Contemporary approaches to psychology Psychology’s scientific method Types of psychological research © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Chapter Preview Research samples and settings Conducting ethical research Learning about psychology means learning about you © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Chapter Preview Scientific study of behavior and mental processes Key terms Science Behavior Mental processes © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Psychological Frame of Mind Attitudes of scientific approach Critical thinking Curiosity Skepticism Objectivity © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Science of All Human Behavior Diverse field Understanding truths of human life in all dimensions Includes people’s best and worst experiences © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Figure 1.1 - Settings in Which Psychologists Work © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Historical Perspective Western philosophy Biology and physiology Wilhelm Wundt and structuralism William James and functionalism Charles Darwin and natural selection © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) German philosopher-physician First psychology laboratory (1879) Identify elements, or structures, of mental processes Introspection © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Functionalism William James (1842-1910) American psychologist and philosopher Identify purposes, or functions, of the mind Why is human thought adaptive? Natural flow of thought, or stream of consciousness © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Evolution & Natural Selection Charles Darwin (1809-1882) British naturalist Natural selection is adaptive and functional Nature favors traits that promote reproduction and survival Successful characteristics become dominant © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Contemporary Approaches Biological Behavioral Psychodynamic Humanistic Cognitive Evolutionary Sociocultural © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Biological Approach Focus on brain and nervous system Neuroscience Structure, function, development, genetics, biochemistry of nervous system Brain and nervous system are central to understanding behavior, thought, and emotion © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Behavioral Approach Emphasis on observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants Notable behaviorists John B. Watson (1878-1958) B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Psychodynamic Approach Emphasis on: Unconscious impulses Conflict between biological drives and society Childhood family experiences Founding father: Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Humanistic Approach Emphasis on: Notable humanistic psychologists Positive human qualities Capacity for positive growth Freedom to choose any destiny Notable humanistic psychologists Carl Rogers (1961) Abraham Maslow (1971) © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Cognitive Approach Emphasis on mental processes involved in knowing How we: Direct attention Perceive, remember, think Solve problems © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Evolutionary Approach Use of evolutionary ideas such as: Adaptation Reproduction Natural selection Used as a basis for explaining specific human behaviors © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Sociocultural Approach Examination of ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior Focus on comparisons of behavior across: Countries Ethnic and cultural groups within countries © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Figure 1.3 - Steps in the Scientific Method © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Scientific Method: Observation Choose a variable Phenomenon studied by scientists Anything that can change Develop a theory Idea that attempts to explain observations Seeks to explain why something happened Can be used to make predictions © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Scientific Method: Hypothesis Formulate a hypothesis Educated guess derived from theory Prediction that can be tested Can lend credibility to theory © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Scientific Method: Research Establish an operational definition Objective description of variable Collect and analyze data Number crunching © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Scientific Method: Conclusions Draw conclusions Is theory supported? Should theory be changed? Evaluate conclusions Publication and review Ongoing research process © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Types of Psychological Research Descriptive research Finding out about some variable Correlational research Discovering relationships between variables Experimental research Establishing causal relationships © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Descriptive Research Describing some phenomemon, without answering questions of how and why Observation Surveys and interviews Case studies © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Correlational Research Examining whether and how variables are related and change together Correlation Coefficient: -1.00 ≤ r ≤ 1.00 Strength: Number Direction: Sign © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Figure 1.4 - Scatter Plots Showing Positive and Negative Correlations © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Correlation and Causation Correlation ≠ causation Third variable problem Some other variable accounts for relationship between two variables Third variables also called confounds © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Longitudinal Designs Obtaining measures of variables of interest in multiple waves over time Can suggest potential causal relationships Causal variable would come first in time Causal relationships are not completely clear © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Experimental Research Determining whether causal relationship exists between variables Experiment Manipulation of one or more variables that are believed to influence some other variable Random Assignment Researchers assign participants to groups by chance © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Experiments and Causation Random assignment helps establish causation Independent variables  manipulated Dependent variables  measured Experimental groups Experience manipulation Control groups Serve as baseline for comparison © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Experimental Research: Validity External validity Do experimental results apply, or generalize, to real world? Internal validity Are changes in dependent variables due to independent variables? © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Experimental Research: Bias Experimenter bias Demand characteristics Research participant bias Placebo effect Double-blind experiment © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Figure 1.5 - Psychology’s Research Methods Applied to Studying Social Media Use © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Research Samples Population Sample Random samples likely to be representative of population To allow generalizing of research results © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Research Settings Laboratory research Naturalistic observation Control, but with some drawbacks Naturalistic observation Real-world setting © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Ethical Research History: World war II Research participants have certain rights Human participants Animal research Institutional review board (IRB) © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

APA Ethics Guidelines Informed consent Confidentiality Debriefing Deception © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Psychology and You Avoid generalizing based on little information Distinguish between group results and individual needs Look for answers beyond a single study Avoid attributing causes where none have been found Consider source of psychological information © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.