RNA Ribonucleic Acid

Why do we need RNA? DNA never ever leaves the nucleus DNA is the master copy of the directions a cell needs to live so it needs to be protected RNA is a copy of DNA that goes out into the cytoplasm to tell the cell what to do in order to stay alive You can always make more RNA so it’s ok if it gets destroyed (You can’t make more DNA!!!)

Function of RNA To obtain information from DNA & synthesize proteins

How are DNA and RNA different? How many strands? Nucleotide Subunit Bases

How are DNA and RNA different? How many strands? 2 Nucleotide Subunit Bases

How are DNA and RNA different? How many strands? 2 1 Nucleotide Subunit Bases

How are DNA and RNA different? How many strands? 2 1 Nucleotide Subunit Deoxyribose Sugar Bases Deoxyribose Sugar Nitrogen Base Phosphate Group

How are DNA and RNA different? How many strands? 2 1 Nucleotide Subunit Deoxyribose Sugar Ribose Sugar Bases Ribose Sugar Deoxyribose Sugar Nitrogen Base Phosphate Group Nitrogen Base Phosphate Group

How are DNA and RNA different? How many strands? 2 1 Nucleotide Subunit Deoxyribose Sugar Ribose Sugar Bases Thymine (T) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Ribose Sugar Deoxyribose Sugar Nitrogen Base Phosphate Group Nitrogen Base Phosphate Group T – A G – C

How are DNA and RNA different? How many strands? 2 1 Nucleotide Subunit Deoxyribose Sugar Ribose Sugar Bases Thymine (T) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Uracil (U) Ribose Sugar Deoxyribose Sugar Nitrogen Base Phosphate Group Nitrogen Base Phosphate Group T – A G – C U – A G – C

DNA RNA

3 types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA)- copies information from DNA for protein synthesis Codon- 3 base pairs that code for a single amino acid. A U G C mRNA start codon codon 2 codon 3 codon 4 codon 5 codon 6 codon 7 codon 1

3 types of RNA 2. Transfer RNA (tRNA)- picks up individual amino acids and carries them to the ribosome Anticodon-a sequence of 3 bases that are complementary base pairs to a codon in the mRNA

Transfer RNA (tRNA) methionine amino acid attachment site amino acid U A C anticodon methionine amino acid

3 types of RNA 3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)- combines with proteins to form ribosomes

Types of RNA

Types of RNA mRNA (messenger)

Types of RNA mRNA (messenger) tRNA (transfer)

Types of RNA mRNA (messenger) tRNA (transfer) rRNA (ribosomal)

Types of RNA mRNA (messenger) tRNA (transfer) rRNA (ribosomal) “Mailman”

Types of RNA mRNA (messenger) tRNA (transfer) rRNA (ribosomal) “Mailman” Carries DNA message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Types of RNA mRNA (messenger) tRNA (transfer) rRNA (ribosomal) “Mailman” “Taxi” Carries DNA message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Types of RNA mRNA (messenger) tRNA (transfer) rRNA (ribosomal) “Mailman” “Taxi” Carries DNA message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm Transports amino acids to the ribosomes

Types of RNA mRNA (messenger) tRNA (transfer) rRNA (ribosomal) “Mailman” “Taxi” “RubberCement” Carries DNA message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm Transports amino acids to the ribosomes

Types of RNA mRNA (messenger) tRNA (transfer) rRNA (ribosomal) “Mailman” “Taxi” “RubberCement” Carries DNA message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm Transports amino acids to the ribosomes Helps bind tRNA and mRNA together

Transcription mRNA is made from DNA

Steps

Steps Separate a DNA strand

Steps Separate a DNA strand Match up bases to one side of a DNA molecule (remember to use “U” in place of “T”)

Steps Separate a DNA strand Match up bases to one side of a DNA molecule (remember to use “U” in place of “T”) mRNA detaches from the DNA

Steps Separate a DNA strand Match up bases to one side of a DNA molecule (remember to use “U” in place of “T”) mRNA detaches from the DNA mRNA moves out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm

Transcription happens in the nucleus. An mRNA copy of DNA is made. Then the mRNA that has been made moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm Once in the cytoplasm, the mRNA is used to make a protein Cytoplasm of cell Nucleus DNA mRNA

Transcription Questions Which type of RNA is made?

Transcription Questions Which type of RNA is made? mRNA

Transcription Questions How is it made?

Transcription Questions How is it made? It is copied from the DNA molecule

Transcription Questions Where does the process occur?

Transcription Questions Where does the process occur? Nucleus

Transcription Questions What happens to the genetic code of the DNA?

Transcription Questions What happens to the genetic code of the DNA? It is transferred to mRNA

Transcription Questions What is the name for the series of three letter words on mRNA?

Transcription Questions What is the name for the series of three letter words on mRNA? Codon

Proteins are made from the message on the mRNA Translation Proteins are made from the message on the mRNA           

Translation Synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm Involves the following: 1. mRNA (codons) 2. tRNA (anticodons) 3. ribosomes and rRNA 4. amino acids

Translation Let’s Make a Protein ! Three steps: 1. initiation: start codon (AUG) 2. elongation: amino acids linked 3. termination: stop codon (UAG, UAA, or UGA). Let’s Make a Protein !

mRNA Codons Join the Ribosome Large subunit P Site A Site mRNA A U G C Small subunit

Initiation G aa2 A U U A C aa1 A U G C U A C U U C G A codon 2-tRNA anticodon A U G C U A C U U C G A hydrogen bonds codon mRNA

Elongation G A aa3 peptide bond aa1 aa2 U A C G A U A U G C U A C U U 3-tRNA G A aa3 peptide bond aa1 aa2 1-tRNA 2-tRNA anticodon U A C G A U A U G C U A C U U C G A hydrogen bonds codon mRNA

Ribosomes move over one codon aa1 peptide bond 3-tRNA G A aa3 aa2 1-tRNA U A C (leaves) 2-tRNA G A U A U G C U A C U U C G A mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon

peptide bonds G C U aa4 aa1 aa2 aa3 G A U G A A A U G C U A C U U C G 4-tRNA G C U aa4 aa1 aa2 aa3 2-tRNA 3-tRNA G A U G A A A U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA

Ribosomes move over one codon peptide bonds 4-tRNA G C U aa4 aa1 aa2 aa3 2-tRNA G A U (leaves) 3-tRNA G A A A U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon

peptide bonds U G A aa5 aa1 aa2 aa4 aa3 G A A G C U G C U A C U U C G 5-tRNA aa5 aa1 aa2 aa4 aa3 3-tRNA 4-tRNA G A A G C U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA

Ribosomes move over one codon peptide bonds U G A 5-tRNA aa5 aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 3-tRNA G A A 4-tRNA G C U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon

Termination aa5 aa4 aa3 primary structure of a protein aa2 aa1 A C U C terminator or stop codon 200-tRNA A C U C A U G U U U A G mRNA

End Product –The Protein! The end products of protein synthesis is a primary structure of a protein A sequence of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa200 aa199

Translation Steps 1. mRNA attaches to the ribosome 2. tRNA brings in an amino acid and an anticodon 3. As more amino acids are brought to the ribosome, amino acids form peptide bonds between each other. 4. Long chain of amino acids creates a Protein

Translation Questions Where does it occur?

Translation Questions Where does it occur? In the cytoplasm on a ribosome

Translation Questions What is being made?

Translation Questions What is being made? A Protein

Translation Questions What is tRNA doing?

Translation Questions What is tRNA doing? Bringing in amino acids

Translation Questions What is the mRNA attached to?

Translation Questions What is the mRNA attached to? A Ribosome

Translation Questions What is the name for the sequence of bases on tRNA?

Translation Questions What is the name for the sequence of bases on tRNA? Anticodon

Translation Questions What type of bond forms between amino acids?

Translation Questions What type of bond forms between amino acids? Peptide Bond

Translation Questions How many different amino acids are there?

Translation Questions How many different amino acids are there? 20

mRNA moves out of nucleus and into cytoplasm 1. Nucleus Cytoplasm

2. mRNA attaches to a ribosome Nucleus Cytoplasm Ribosome 1. mRNA moves out of nucleus and into cytoplasm 1. Nucleus mRNA attaches to a ribosome 2. Cytoplasm Ribosome

2. 3. mRNA attaches to a ribosome mRNA moves out of nucleus and into cytoplasm 1. Nucleus mRNA attaches to a ribosome 2. Cytoplasm Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids and anticodons 3. Ribosome

2. 3. mRNA attaches to a ribosome mRNA moves out of nucleus and into cytoplasm 1. Nucleus mRNA attaches to a ribosome 2. Cytoplasm Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids and anticodons 3. Ribosome tRNA

2. 3. mRNA attaches to a ribosome mRNA moves out of nucleus and into cytoplasm 1. Nucleus mRNA attaches to a ribosome 2. Cytoplasm Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids and anticodons 3. Ribosome tRNA Amino acid

2. 3. mRNA attaches to a ribosome mRNA moves out of nucleus and into cytoplasm 1. Nucleus mRNA attaches to a ribosome 2. Cytoplasm Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids and anticodons 3. Ribosome tRNA Amino acid Anticodon (3 bases on tRNA): Matches up to codons on mRNA

2. 3. 4. mRNA attaches to a ribosome mRNA moves out of nucleus and into cytoplasm 1. Nucleus mRNA attaches to a ribosome 2. Cytoplasm Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids and anticodons 3. Ribosome tRNA Amino acid Anticodon (3 bases on tRNA): Matches up to codons on mRNA Protein detaches from ribosome and goes off to work in the cell 4.

How to Read a Codon Chart

Determine the sequence of the RNA codon. The Codon we will use is AUG First Letter Second Letter Third Letter U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine leucine stop tryptophan proline histidine arginine glutamine isoleucine threonine asparagine lysine methionine valine alanine aspartate glycine glutamate

Look at the first base of your codon Look at the first base of your codon. Look at the left side of the chart, and find this letter. For example if your first base in your codon is A, then look at the third row in the first column. First Letter Second Letter Third Letter U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine leucine stop tryptophan proline histidine arginine glutamine isoleucine threonine asparagine lysine methionine valine alanine aspartate glycine glutamate

Look at the next base in your codon Look at the next base in your codon. Find the proper column to work out of by finding the column corresponding to that base. For example if your second base in your codon is U, you are working out of the first column. First Letter Second Letter Third Letter U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine leucine stop tryptophan proline histidine arginine glutamine isoleucine threonine asparagine lysine methionine valine alanine aspartate glycine glutamate

Look at the last base in your codon Look at the last base in your codon. Look along the right-hand side of the chart. Look ONLY at the set of four bases that are part of your row decided upon by your first base. For example if your third base was a G, then the chart tells you that the first codon codes for the amino acid methionine. First Letter Second Letter Third Letter U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine leucine stop tryptophan proline histidine arginine glutamine isoleucine threonine asparagine lysine methionine valine alanine aspartate glycine glutamate

Just like AUG codes for methionine, CAC codes for histadine, and AGC codes for serine. First Letter Second Letter Third Letter U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine leucine stop tryptophan proline histidine arginine glutamine isoleucine threonine asparagine lysine methionine valine alanine aspartate glycine glutamate