Diversity in gas exchange and circulation

What this PowerPoint involves. Differences in structure of the lungs/gills Differences in gas exchange and how it is carried out Differences in the blood components and how each gas oxygen, carbon dioxide) is transported What is an open or closed blood system, what do these animals have? What is a single or a double circulatory system, what do these animals have Differences in structure of the heart (produce a labeled diagram) and how it functions in each animal Describe the efficiency of gas exchange and surface area in terms of the size and lifestyle needs (e.g. energy) of each animal

Human gas exchange In humans, gas exchange is carried out by mechanisms of the heart and lungs. The blood in humans carries the gases to and from cells. The Alveoli are tiny air sacs at the at the end of the bronchioles that are supplied with blood from the capillaries. When humans breathe, the Diaphragm contracts increasing the size of chest cavity and sucking air into the lungs. The Diaphragm then relaxes, reducing the size of the chest cavity and forcing air out of the lungs.

Human Heart The human heart is just a pump made up of mainly muscle which pumps blood through the body at about 72 beats per minute which is the average resting heart rate of a human. The human has a double circulatory system as the human heart consists of 2 separated pumps. The heart pumps blood and vital minerals around the body that are used for body functions for example, the brain requires oxygen and glucose and if these aren't received by the brain it will then lose consciousness. Blood goes in through the right atrium into the right ventricle which then goes into the lungs where it is reoxygenated. After the blood has it been reoxygenated it is then sent into the left atrium and then out through the left ventricle to be pumped out through the body. http://www.worldinvisible.com/apologet/humbody/heart.htm

Fish gas exchange The organs that fish use for gas exchange are the gills. Fish have several gills located between their mouth cavity (buccal cavity) and a chamber at the sides of their mouth called the operculum. http://www.examstutor.com/biology/resources/studyroom/organs_and_systems/gas_exchange/exchange_fish.php

Fish gas exchange Oxygen passes from the water into the blood at the gills. The removal of carbon dioxide also occurs because the blood containing high concentrations of gas goes to the gills and the gas diffuses out of the blood into the water down a diffusion gradient. Gills are composed of filaments that are each covered in lamellae that contain blood capillaries which have blood flowing in the opposite direction to the water. The reason for having the water go an opposite direction to the blood flow is to ensure that the maximum exchange possible occurs.

Fish heart Fish have a single circulatory system which has 2 chambers. The blood enters the gills where it is oxygenated and then sent out through the body and comes back to the heart to be reoxygenated when necessary. http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/fish%20heart.gif

Insect gas exchange Many terrestrial animals have their respiratory surfaces inside the body and connected to the outside by a series of tubes known as Tracheae. These tubes carry oxygen directly to cells for gas exchange. Spiracles are openings at the body surface that lead to tracheae that branch into smaller tubes known as tracheoles. Body movements or contractions will help speed up the rate of diffusion of gases from tracheae into the cells. Tracheae do not function well in animals longer than 5 cm.

Insect heart The dorsal vessel (heart) of an insect is a flexible tube that runs though the thorax and abdomen along the inside of the dorsal wall. Only in the abdomen is the dorsal vessel called the heart divided into chambers by small valve-like openings called ostia where the blood enters the heart. In each chamber there is alary muscles which expand and contract to assist in the flow of haemolymph through the heart. The aorta contains no valves or muscles to help with the movement of the haemolymph, instead it is just a tube that provides transport of haemolymph to the head where it empties into the body cavity. The insects circulatory system an open circulatory system which differs in structure and function to the closed circulatory system found in humans and other vertebrates.

By Cory Armstrong >:) Thanks to the following sites for providing the pictures used in this PowerPoint http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Entomology/internalAnatomy/imagePages/heart.htm http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/fish%20heart.gif http://www.examstutor.com/biology/resources/studyroom/organs_and_systems/gas_exchange/exchange_fish.php http://www.worldinvisible.com/apologet/humbody/heart.htm By Cory Armstrong >:)