Skeletal Remains BONES NEVER LIE

Skeleton Axial Skeleton: Skull Vertebrae Ribs Sternum (breast bone)

Axial Skeleton-Skull Frontal Parietal Temporal Maxillae Occipital Mandible

Axial Skeleton Vertebrae: 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae

Axial Skeleton Ribs: 12 pairs: 10 pairs connect to breast bone via cartilage 2 pairs are “floating ribs”

Axial Skeleton Sacrum= 5 fused vertebrae below lumbar Coccyx= 3-5 rudiments of vertebrae (tail)

Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton: Arms Legs Hip bones (Pelvic Girdle) Shoulder bones (Pectoral Girdle)

Appendicular Skeleton Clavicle= collar bone Scapula= shoulder blade Humurus= upper arm Ulna= inner bone of lower arm Radius= outer bone of lower arm

Appendicular skeleton Carpals= 8 wrist bones Metacarpals= palm bones Phalanges= fingers Innominate= hip bone Femur= thigh bone

Appendicular Skeleton Patella= knee bone Tibia= shin bone Fibula= thin lower leg bone Tarsels= 7 posterior foot bones Metatarsels= long bones of foot

What can we determine from skeletal remains?

1. SEX Which is the male? Which is the female?

Dimorphism- female (left) and male (right)

Male vs. Female hips- male (left) and female (right), note difference in sciatic notch angles

Male vs. Female skulls- male (left) and female (right)

Genus/species of Bone Human vs. bear, deer and dog femurs

Race left to right- Asian, African and White Also Differences in Dentition

Age Pubic Symphysis Wear Patterns

Age From Teeth

4. Pathology Scalping

Bone Tumor

Bullet exit from skull

Tibia fractured by bullet

Determining the appearance of a person from its skull

Facial Reconstruction

Facial Reconstruction From reference tables can determine thickness of skin

Facial Reconstruction Add clay

Facial Reconstruction Make adjustments for age and any known appearances of father

Facial Reconstruction Pick a hair style and finish off