Flint Simonsen, Ph.D. Whitworth University Diverse Strategies for Diverse Needs: Classroom Management When One Size Does Not Fit All Students Flint Simonsen, Ph.D. Whitworth University

Roadmap Practical framework for: Sorting intervention options Understanding 2. Predicting Changing behavior Sorting intervention options Problem-solving when things don’t work

www.PBIS.org

What seems to be the problem? What seems to be the problem?

“Get Tough” is the Norm Exclusion is the most common response for conduct disordered youth (Lane & Murakami, 1987) Punishing problem behaviors without a school-wide system of support is associated with increased (a) aggression, (b) vandalism, (c) truancy, (d) tardiness, and (e) dropping out (Mayer, 1995; Mayer & Sulzer-Azaroff, 1991)

Reactive Responses are Predictable When we experience aversive situations, we select interventions that produce immediate relief and: Remove students Remove ourselves Modify physical environments Assign responsibility for change to students and/or others SAY: The coercive cycle has been described and verified by Patterson, Reid and colleagues. Negative reinforcement is a powerful mechanism. Basically, teachers increase the intensity of their responses to problem behavior to halt the problem behavior which is causing them great discomfort and angst. Even though the problem behavior doesn’t change, by removing the student (e.g., sending them from room and/or to the office) they are removing this aversive condition. In the behavioral world, we say that the teachers’ behaviors have been reinforced by the removal or avoidance of an aversive condition. This situation is predictable and serious because we are likely to use the same strategy again to remove ourselves or the student from this aversive situation.

When behavior doesn’t improve, we “Get Tougher!” SAY: When large numbers of students don’t respond to consequences, or problems occur systemically, “more severe” consequences are put in place to affect the problem behaviors. Our assumption is that by getting tougher, students will eventually “get it” and stop doing the problem behaviors. If they don’t, we remove the student because they are unresponsive to our efforts. Again we are shaped into thinking that if the students’ behavior doesn’t improve, we can solve the problem by removing the student, which does make the situation less unpleasant.

What can we do?

Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) PBIS refers to the application of positive behavioral interventions and systems to achieve socially important behavior change. Proactive and preventative rather than reactive and punitive interventions

Let’s start at the top (RED).

The Secret About Problem Behavior… Problem behavior is not a problem for students!

Behavior NEVER Occurs in a Vacuum Behavior happens in contexts Many factors influence problem behaviors The most important factors are in the IMMEDIATE context or environment

Behavior and the Environment Behavior and the Environment B A C Antecedent Behavior Consequence Passage of Time

Three Functions of Behavior Problem Behavior Escape/Avoid Social Activity Peer Adult Obtain Tangible Automatic

Think about “Problem Behavior” as Communication What are you trying to tell me? “What do you want?” How can I teach you new “language” that others can recognize and understand?

One More Essential Consideration Two types of problems: Can’t Do Teach, Remind, Practice Won’t Do Motivate, Encouragement and Discouragement

Now let’s build the base (GREEN).

School-wide Discipline Level 1 School-wide Discipline

School-wide Discipline 1. Identify a common purpose and approach to discipline 2. Define a clear set of positive expectations and behaviors 3. Implement procedures for teaching expected behavior 4. Differentiate supports from a continuum of procedures for encouraging expected behavior 5. Differentiate supports from a continuum of procedures for discouraging inappropriate behavior 6. Implement procedures for on-going monitoring and evaluation

What does PBIS mean in the classroom?

Evidence Based Practices in Classroom Management Maximize structure in your classroom. Define, teach, review, monitor a small number of positively stated expectations. Establish a continuum of strategies to acknowledge appropriate behavior. Establish a continuum of strategies to respond to inappropriate behavior. Actively engage students in observable ways. (Simonsen, Fairbanks, Briesch, Myers, & Sugai, accepted)

Assess Your Current Status…

Make a Plan Write down what the adult will do when students: Write down what the adult will do when students: (a) behave appropriately (b) engage in minor problem behaviors (c) engage in major problem behaviors *Only use strategies proven to be effective!

2. Define & Teach Expectations Understand purpose: Clarify means of communication Use consistent communication Teach and review for all students, staff, and settings: Articulate Matrix Establishes guidelines: Keep to five or fewer State positively Use common and few words

Classroom Routines Starting the day put personal belongings in designated areas turn in homework put instructional materials in desks sharpen pencils & gather necessary material for class be seated & ready to start class by 8:30 Entering the classroom enter the room quietly use a conversational or ‘inside voice’ keep hands, feet, objects to self walk move directly to desk or assigned area sit quietly & be ready for class Working independently select area to work have materials ready work without talking raise hand to ask for help keep working or wait quietly for assistance when the teacher is helping someone else move quietly around the room when necessary put materials away when finished begin next activity when finished Asking for help always try by yourself first use the classroom signal for getting assistance keep working if you can or wait quietly remember the teacher has other students that may also need help Taking care of personal needs follow the class signal for letting the teacher know you have a private concern let the teacher know if you need immediate help or if you can wait a while try to speak to the teacher privately & quietly if you do not want other students involved Completing & returning homework collect your work to take home complete work, get parent signature when needed bring work back to school return work to homework basket

Teaching Academics & Behaviors DEFINE Simply MODEL PRACTICE In Setting ADJUST for Efficiency MONITOR & ACKNOWLEDGE Continuously 28

3. Catch ‘em being good (4:1) (Acknowledge expected behavior) 3. Catch ‘em being good (4:1) (Acknowledge expected behavior) Reinforcement is feedback Respond immediately Give information Different kids have different preferences. Students will always find a way to get what they want.

3. Strategies for Classroom Reinforcement Specific and Contingent Praise Group Contingencies Group celebration based on group OR individual behavior Token Economies Points “Good Behavior Game” Class Dojo Behavior Contracts IF you do… THEN you get 4 TO 1

4. Discourage Problem Behavior Clearly define problem and context Wearing hats in class, excessive tardies, disruptive acts during transitions Anticipate problem behavior and provide precorrection as a preventive strategy For identified risk times or settings Implement consistent procedures All staff, settings, minor behaviors Provide ongoing teaching opportunities Focus on appropriate expectation

Continuum of Possible Responses Acknowledge students exhibiting expected behavior Secure attention and redirect students to expected behavior Provide choice between expected behavior and staff-managed consequence Deliver staff-managed consequence Deliver office-managed consequence

4. Additional strategies to respond to inappropriate behavior Beyond the basics, build a menu: www.pbisworld.com www.interventioncentral.org www.safeandcivilschools.com CHAMPs: A proactive and positive approach to classroom management Teacher’s encyclopedia of behavior management Managing the cycle of acting-out behaviors

5. Strategies for Student Engagement Direct Instruction Skills groupings Computer Assisted Instruction Class-wide Peer Tutoring Guided notes Response Cards

Yes but… What if it doesn’t work Yes but… What if it doesn’t work? Think Functionally then move students to Tier 2 or Tier 3.

Adopt an “Instructional Approach” to Behavior Management IF a student has a reading problem? IF a student has a math problem? IF a student has a behavior problem? Most important question: What do I want this student to do INSTEAD OF problem behavior… Then Teach and Reinforce.

Summary Statement Points, grades, questions, more work. Do work w/o Desired Alternative Typical Consequence Summary Statement Points, grades, questions, more work. Do work w/o complaints. Setting Events Triggering Antecedents Problem Behavior Maintaining Consequences Noncompliance, profanity, physical aggression, Lack of peer contact in 30 minutes. Do difficult math assignment. Avoid task, remove from class. Acceptable Alternative Ask for break, ask for help.

Teach and Reinforce Pick replacement behavior Teach Pick replacement behavior Teach Provide reinforcement for functionally equivalent alternative behavior Student gets (consequence) what he/she wants for doing (behavior) what you want.

Big Ideas Teaching matters in the lives of children Teaching matters in the lives of children Think Functionally about problem behaviors. Have a plan and follow it consistently Use proactive and preventative interventions rather than reactive and punitive interventions Catch kids doing what you want them to do. NEVER GIVE UP!

pbiswashington.pbworks.com flintsimonsen@centurylink.net P. O. Box 602 Cheney, WA 99004