Chants and Masses Worship through Song.

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Presentation transcript:

Chants and Masses Worship through Song

Key Terms Chant Liturgy Syllabic Melismasmatic (Melisma) Neumatic Antiphon/Antiphonal Responsorial Neumes Proper Ordinary Monophony Polyphony Council of Trent

Chants of the Mass Introit Kyrie Gloria Gradual Alleluia Credo Offertory Agnus Dei Communion

Why Chant? Develops from early Christianity Jewish tradition Levite choirs sang psalms at lamb roasts Jewish tradition Singing sacred texts at synagogues Chanting becomes a way of carrying scripture texts through large public gatherings 4th Century: singing is part of Christian ritual

Chant Development Different kinds of chant, depending on region Gregorian Byzantine Ambrosian Old Roman 8th Century: popes and church leaders attempt to standardize chants

Charlemagne Western Europe, 800 Charlemagne, Emperor of Holy Roman Empire (768-814 CE) Wanted to transition Europe out of the Dark Ages Europeans MUST be literate and numerate

Standardization Edict in 789 CE Alcuin Sent to parishes and monasteries Instruction in psalms, chants, grammar, computations in years and seasons Correct books Beginning of regular schooling in Western Europe Alcuin Monk from York Importance of standardization Standard liturgy

Characteristics of Chant Syllabic: one note per syllable Neumatic: a few notes per syllable Melismatic: many notes per syllable Antiphonal: alternating halves of a choir; usually do not sing at the same time Responsorial: alternating choir with soloist No accompaniment One line (monophonic) Unmetered, unrhythmic Mass for Christmas Day, Introit Gregorian chant, no date Responsorial mass chants:

Chant Notation Develops Ca. 800 CE: musical notation is just beginning 900 CE: no music staff, just a nemonic device Ups and downs 1050 CE Placed notes, no staff Ca. 1150 CE Four-line staff Notation was slow to gain popularity 12-13 centuries

Mass for Christmas Day, Introit

Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179 CE) Germany Benedictine abbess Writer, musician, scholar, philosopher, scientific natural history Religious visions Composing Ordo Virtutum Liturgical drama, morality play Chants Monophonic Melismatic Soaring melodies Recurrent melodic units

The Mass 800 CE: mass has been developing for several hundred years Proper: change with the season/feast day Introit, Gradual (+ Alleluia), Offertory, Communion Ordinary: invariable Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei Most important service in the Catholic church Commemorates the Last Supper

Chants of the Mass Introit Kyrie Gloria Gradual Alleluia Credo Offertory Agnus Dei Communion

Musical Unification Renaissance: composers wanted to unify the different sections of the mass into one cohesive work Cantus Firmus: existing melody used as the basis for a polyphonic composition Polyphony: more than one line of music happening simultaneously Gradual process Musica enchiriadis (ca. 900) Note-against note Oganum Further elaboration

Polyphonic Masses Josquin des Prez, Missa Pange Lingua (ca. 1515) Paraphrase mass Cantus Firmus: “Pange Lingua” hymn Imitation Palestrina, Pope Marcellus Mass (ca. 1562) Free mass Council of Trent (1545-63) Mass music’s sources Imitative polyphony/words