Limitations of Rain Gauges

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Presentation transcript:

Limitations of Rain Gauges Doug Lundquist with Excerpt from: Measurement of Precipitation Using Rain Gauges Jennifer Adam Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Washington http://www.hydro.washington.edu/Lettenmaier/Presentations/2003/adam_gauges_precipclass_apr_2003.ppt

Undercatch of Precipitation Using Standard Gauges Wind-Induced Undercatch Snow: 10 to >50% Rain: 2 to 10% Wetting Losses 2 to 10% Evaporation Losses 0 to 4% Treatment of Trace Precipitation as Zero Significant in Cold Arid Regions Splash-out and splash-in 1 to 2% Blowing and Drifting Snow ?? Sevruk, 1982

Wind-Induced Undercatch Influencing Factors: Wind speed Temperature Gauge type Gauge height Windshield Exposure Nespor and Sevruk, 1999

Wetting Losses Influencing Factors: Gauge type Climate Measurement Methodology

Evaporation Losses Influencing Factors: Gauge type Climate Measurement Methodology

Other Sources of Errors Obstruction (ideally in a clearing surrounded by trees) Occult Precipitation: fog drip and rime Observer Errors: random, systematic, and gross Errors due to differences in observation time (ideally midnight) Instrument Malfunction Specific to Recording Gauges – bad calibration… Tampering / Vandalism Observation Record Inhomogeneity – changes in instrumentation, site, and local environment

Example of Snow Melt Following data from Wednesday January 07 2009 CHAP SA 1000 AUTO9 M M M M/0/0/MMMM/M/0390 RMK PCPN 3.0MM PAST HR CLIMATE 39MM/6CM/88CM (ALLISON PASS/1340m) [22MM]= CHAP SA 1100 AUTO9 M M M M/0/0/MMMM/M/0420 RMK PCPN 3.0MM PAST HR CLIMATE 42MM/7CM/88CM (ALLISON PASS/1340m) [22MM]= CHAP SA 1200 AUTO9 M M M M/0/0/MMMM/M/0440 RMK PCPN 2.0MM PAST HR CLIMATE 44MM/8CM/89CM (ALLISON PASS/1340m) [22MM]= CHAP SA 1300 AUTO9 M M M M/0/0/MMMM/M/0490 RMK PCPN 5.0MM PAST HR CLIMATE 49MM/9CM/90CM (ALLISON PASS/1340m) [22MM]= CHAP SA 1400 AUTO9 M M M M/0/0/MMMM/M/0510 RMK PCPN 2.0MM PAST HR CLIMATE 51MM/10CM/91CM (ALLISON PASS/1340m) [22MM]= CHAP SA 1500 AUTO9 M M M M/0/0/MMMM/M/0020 RMK PCPN 2.0MM PAST HR CLIMATE 2MM/M/90CM (ALLISON PASS/1340m) [22MM]= CHAP SA 1600 AUTO9 M M M M/0/0/MMMM/M/0040 RMK PCPN 2.0MM PAST HR CLIMATE 4MM/2CM/92CM (ALLISON PASS/1340m) [22MM]= CHAP SA 1700 AUTO9 M M M M/0/0/MMMM/M/0070 RMK PCPN 3.0MM PAST HR CLIMATE 7MM/2CM/92CM (ALLISON PASS/1340m) [22MM]= CHAP SA 1800 AUTO9 M M M M/0/0/MMMM/M/0130 RMK PCPN 6.0MM PAST HR CLIMATE 13MM/2CM/92CM (ALLISON PASS/1340m) [22MM]= CHAP SA 1900 AUTO9 M M M M/0/0/MMMM/M/0150 RMK PCPN 2.0MM PAST HR CLIMATE 15MM/2CM/92CM (ALLISON PASS/1340m) [33MM]= CHAP SA 2000 AUTO9 M M M M/0/0/MMMM/M/0190 RMK PCPN 4.0MM PAST HR CLIMATE 19MM/4CM/93CM (ALLISON PASS/1340m) [44MM]= CHAP SA 2100 AUTO9 M M M M/1/1/MMMM/M/0300 RMK PCPN 11.0MM PAST HR CLIMATE 30MM/4CM/93CM (ALLISON PASS/1340m) [55MM]= CHAP SA 2200 AUTO9 M M M M/0/0/MMMM/M/0320 RMK PCPN 2.0MM PAST HR CLIMATE 32MM/5CM/94CM (ALLISON PASS/1340m) [33MM]= CHAP SA 2300 AUTO9 M M M M/0/0/MMMM/M/0340 RMK PCPN 2.0MM PAST HR CLIMATE 34MM/5CM/93CM (ALLISON PASS/1340m) [33MM]= Following data from Thursday January 08 2009 CHAP SA 0000 AUTO9 M M M M/0/0/MMMM/M/0360 RMK PCPN 2.0MM PAST HR CLIMATE 36MM/6CM/95CM (ALLISON PASS/1340m) [22MM]= CHAP SA 0100 AUTO9 M M M M/0/0/MMMM/M/0370 RMK PCPN 1.0MM PAST HR CLIMATE 37MM/7CM/94CM (ALLISON PASS/1340m) [22MM]= CHAP SA 0200 AUTO9 M M M M/0/0/MMMM/M/0390 RMK PCPN 2.0MM PAST HR CLIMATE

The Orographic Effect on Precipitation

References Dennis Lettenmaier University of Washington Jennifer Adam