Chemical Nomenclature A system of naming compounds.

Section 1 Binary Compounds Chapter 4 Section 1 Binary Compounds

Binary Compounds Binary means 2. Binary Cmpds are cmpds containing only 2 elements.

2 Types of Binary Compounds Binary Covalent Compounds Binary Ionic Compounds

2 Types of Binary Cmpds Binary Ionic Cmpds Cmpds containing 1 metal and 1 nonmetal. Formed when electrons are transferred from the metal to the nonmetal. Formed by the electrostatic attraction between cations and anions.

Binary Covalent (Molecular) Cmpds Cmpds containing 2 nonmetals. Formed by the sharing of electrons between the nonmetals. There are no ions present in these cmpds.

Binary Covalent Compounds Cmpds containing only 2 nonmetals

The first element in the formula is named first, and the full element name is used. The second element is named as though it were an anion (with –ide suffix). Prefixes are used to denote the numbers of atoms present. The prefix mono- is never used on the first element.

Prefixes Hexa- Hepta- Octa- Nona- Deca- Mono- Di- Tri- Tetra- Penta-

Anion Names C N O F P S Cl As Se Br Te I At

BF3

NO

N2O5

PCl5

P4O6

SF6

H2O You can no longer name this water.

Writing Chemical Formulas The prefixes tell you the subscripts to write in the chemical formula.

Sulfur trioxide

Disulfur tetroxide

Dinitrogen trioxide

Selenium hexabromide

Binary Ionic Cmpds Cmpds containing 1 metal and 1 nonmetal. Formed when electrons are transferred from the metal to the nonmetal. Formed by the electrostatic attraction between cations and anions.

Binary Ionic Cmpds Contain only 2 elements (metal and nonmetal) Metal Cation – Always written 1st in formula Nonmetal Anion – Always written last

Type I Ionic Cmpds The metal present forms only one type of cation. These are considered true metals because they have a constant charge.

Remember Charges Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Nitrogen Family Nonmetals Oxygen Family Nonmetals Halogens Noble Gases Special Ions (Transition Metals)

Naming Type I Cmpds Name cation first Name anion last (with -ide ending)

NaCl Na + is the sodium ion Cl – is the chloride ion Sodium chloride You may capitalize the first letter of the first name only. You never capitalize the first letter of the second name.

MgO

CsF

AlF3

MgI2

Rb2O

SrBr2

Cd3As2

BaH2

ZnS

Al2S3

Write the correct chemical formula for each Type I ionic compound. ↓

Write the correct symbol for each ion. The algebraic sum of all positive and negative charges must equal zero. Simply “cross” the charges.

Calcium chloride Aluminum oxide Potassium bromide

Calcium oxide Magnesium nitride Strontium bromide

Sodium sulfide Lithium arsenide

Type II Ionic Cmpds The metal present can form two or more cations that have different charges. Contain a transition metal with variable charges.

Copper Cu + or Cu 2+ Chromium Cr 2+ or Cr 3+

AuCl and AuCl3 We can’t name both cmpds gold chloride. We use (Roman Numerals) to specify the charge on the metal cation (not the number of ions present in the cmpd).

AuCl and AuCl3

FeCl2 and FeCl3

PbO2

CuCl

HgO

Fe2O3

MnO2

PbCl4

CoCl3

CuI

SnBr4

PbS

Be Familiar with these names: Stock name Common Name Copper I Cuprous Copper II Cupric Iron II Ferrous Iron III Ferric Lead (II) Plumbous Lead (IV) Plumbic

Mercury Mercury (I) Hg2 2+ Mercury (II) Hg 2+

Mercury (I) chloride and Mercury (II) chloride

Name Each Binary Ionic Cmpd (they’re mixed up) CoBr2 CaCl2 Al2O3 CrCl3

Give Correct Chemical Formula Tin (IV) iodide Potassium nitride Mercury (II) oxide Rubidium fluoride Sodium hydride Chromium (II) fluoride Magnesium sulfide Lithium phosphide

Section 2 Polyatomic Ions and Acids! Chapter 4 Section 2 Polyatomic Ions and Acids!

Polyatomic Ions Charged units composed of several atoms bound together covalently.

Polyatomic ions are found only in ionic cmpds. These cmpds are not binary because they contain more than two elements.

Oxyanions Polyatomic anions that contain a given element (usually a halogen) and different numbers of oxygen atoms.

FO 1- FO2 1- FO3 1- FO4 1-

Second Category of compounds – Ternary Ionic Compounds Second Category of compounds – Ternary Ionic Compounds. These compounds contain at least one polyatomic ion. What is a polyatomic ion? Let’s look at the name to try to understands. It is an ion – that means it has a charge. It is polyatomic – that means it is made of more than one atom. Simple as that!! Let’s look at some examples of polyatomic ions.

CO32- carbonate This ion is composed of one carbon and three oxygens and the entire group has a charge of 2-. Polyatomic ion – Group of atoms that act as a unit and carry a charge. More examples: PO43- Phosphate C2H3O21- Acetate SO42- Sulfate OH1- Hydroxide SO32- Sulfite NO31- Nitrate ClO41- Perchlorate NO21- Nitrite ClO31- Chlorate NH41+ Ammonium ClO21- Chlorite ClO1- Hypochlorite You need to learn these!!!

Polyatomic Ion How do you recognize Ternary Ionic Cmpds? Composed of 2 ions in which at least one is a polyatomic ion. There is only one positive polyatomic ion (NH41+) Three possible types of Ternary Ionic Compounds: Ammonium + negative ion (nonmetal) Metal (positive ion) + negative polyatomic ion Ammonium + negative polyatomic ion Polyatomic Ion

How do you name Ternary Ionic Compounds? EASY! PIECE OF CAKE! NO PROBLEM! Name the first ion. Name the second ion. Isn’t that simple??!! Examples: When you look at this compound you should recognize that this is NOT binary. There are THREE elements present. When you see this, immediately look for a polyatomic ion. Carbonate is present here. Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate Notice that you do NOT change the suffix – just name the polyatomic ion Name the first ion. Name the second ion.

A few more examples: Fe(OH)3 Name the first ion. Iron (III) hydroxide Remember that iron requires a Roman Numeral since it is a transition element. What Roman Numeral should be used? Since there are 3 OH groups, each with a 1- charge, the charge of the iron must be 3+ for the compound to be neutral The Roman Numeral comes from the charge of the ion. How do you find the charge of the iron? You know two things: All compounds are neutral. You know the charge of OH (1-) Name the polyatomic ion.

NH4Cl Name the first ion. Ammonium chloride Name the second ion. Notice that since the second ion is a nonmetal, like binary ionic compounds, the suffix of the nonmetal changes to –ide. Name the first ion. (NH4)3PO4 Ammonium phosphate Name the second ion. Looks like a monster, but it’s really a kitty cat.

ONE more example: Cu2SO4 Name the first ion. You should realize that you need a Roman Numeral since copper is a transition metal. Copper (I) sulfate The Roman Numeral is the same as the charge. What is the charge? The charge of sulfate is 2-. Since there are two coppers, the charge of the copper must be 1+. Name the second ion.

How do you write formulas for Ternary Ionic Compounds? Very much like writing formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds. Two steps: Write the formulas/symbols of each ion. Balance the charges by supplying subscripts. If a subscript is needed for a polyatomic ion, it must be put in parentheses with the subscript on the outside. Let’s do some!!

Al(NO3)3 Aluminum nitrate First, you can tell from the name that there is a polyatomic ion present (nitrate). All binary ionic compounds have suffixes of –ide. Al3+ NO31- Al(NO3)3 Write the formula/symbol and charge of each ion. Balance the charges by supplying subscripts. Since Al is 3+ and NO3 is 1-, you need a total of 3NO31- to balance one Al3+ Since you will need a subscript of 3 for NO31-, you need to put this in parentheses with the 3 outside.

Ca3(PO4)2 Pb(C2H3O2)4 Lead (IV) acetate Write the formula/symbol and charge of each ion. Pb4+ C2H3O21- Balance the charges by supplying subscripts. Since Pb is 4+ and C2H3O2 is 1-, you will need 4 C2H3O21- to balance 1 Pb4+ Pb(C2H3O2)4 Write the formula/symbol and charge of each ion. Calcium phosphate Ca2+ PO43- Balance the charges by supplying subscripts. Since Ca is 2+ and PO4 is 3-, you will need 3 Ca2+ to balance 2 PO43- Ca3(PO4)2

Use the same rules as before when naming ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions.

Na2SO4 KH2PO4 Fe(NO3)3 Mn(OH)2 Na2SO3

Give the correct chemical formula. Copper (II) nitrate Lead (II) carbonate Potassium hydrgen sulfate Ammonium iodide Sodium cyanide

KH2PO4

Fe(NO3)3

Mn(OH)2

Na2SO3

Page 111 Practice Problems

Use the same rules as before when writing formulas of ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions. Remember to “cross” the charges.

Give the correct chemical formula. Copper (II) nitrate Lead (II) carbonate Potassium hydrgen sulfate Ammonium iodide Sodium cyanide

Page 112 Practice Problems

Acids An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H+) in solution (when dissolved in water). Also called proton donors.

Acids Have one or more hydrogen ions attached to an anion.

If the anion does not contain oxygen… Use the prefix hydro- and the suffix –ic attached to the root name for the element.

HCl HF HBr HI H2S H2Se H2Te H3N H3P H3As

If the anion does contain oxygen… If the anion name ends in –ate, the suffix –ic is used. H2SO4 HC2H3O2

Nitric acid Tartric acid Boric acid

If the anion ends in –ite, the suffix –ous is used. H2SO3 HNO2

Phosphorous acid Hypochlorous acid

Homework Notebook Page 118 # 14-16 Page 119 # 17-24, 27-29

And Lastly… We need to name hydrates.

Hydrates Ionic cmpds that have water chemically attached.

Magnesium sulfate tetrahydrate MgSO4 · 4H2O Name the ionic cmpd Name the hydrate using the prefixes. Magnesium sulfate tetrahydrate

If no water is attached to the cmpd, we say the cmpd is anhydrous.