Copyright © 2012 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. From: Altered Neural Reward Representations in Pathological Gamblers Revealed by Delay and Probability Discounting Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(2):177-186. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1552 Figure Legend: Figure 1. Illustration of the experimental paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants had to choose between immediate (€20.0; reference option) vs delayed rewards and between sure (€20.0) vs risky rewards. Adapted from Peters and Büchel. Date of download: 12/29/2017 Copyright © 2012 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2012 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. From: Altered Neural Reward Representations in Pathological Gamblers Revealed by Delay and Probability Discounting Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(2):177-186. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1552 Figure Legend: Figure 2. Reaction times (RTs) and quadratic terms in pathological gamblers and control subjects during delayed discounting (DD) and probabilistic discounting (PD). The RTs were slowest in pathological gamblers and controls when the fixed and the alternative offers during DD (A and B) and PD (F and G) had a similar subjective value with respect to the reference amount of€20. Quadratic terms did not differ between pathological gamblers and controls during DD (C) and PD (H). Pathological gamblers discounted delayed rewards more steeply than controls (D [* P = .004] and E), and controls showed a trend to higher discounting of risky options compared with pathological gamblers (I [† P = .07] and J). Error bars indicate standard error of the mean. Date of download: 12/29/2017 Copyright © 2012 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2012 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. From: Altered Neural Reward Representations in Pathological Gamblers Revealed by Delay and Probability Discounting Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(2):177-186. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1552 Figure Legend: Figure 3. Subjective value correlation of functional magnetic resonance imaging findings in pathological gamblers and control subjects. Regions in which neuronal activity demonstrated a positive correlation with the subjective value are shown. A, Average effect of delayed discounting (DD). B, Average effect of probabilistic discounting (PD) (display threshold, P < .005, uncorrected). IPS indicates intraparietal sulcus; L, left; LPC, left parietal cortex; mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; R, right; VS, ventral striatum. Date of download: 12/29/2017 Copyright © 2012 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2012 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. From: Altered Neural Reward Representations in Pathological Gamblers Revealed by Delay and Probability Discounting Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(2):177-186. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1552 Figure Legend: Figure 4. Subjective value correlation for the activation pattern and parameter estimates related to the group × condition interaction. A, Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC); B, ventral striatum (VS); and C, rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) (display threshold P < .005, uncorrected). AU indicates arbitrary units; DD, delayed discounting; L, left; PD, probabilistic discounting; R, right. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean. Coordinates (x, y, z) refer to Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) space. Date of download: 12/29/2017 Copyright © 2012 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2012 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. From: Altered Neural Reward Representations in Pathological Gamblers Revealed by Delay and Probability Discounting Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(2):177-186. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1552 Figure Legend: Figure 5. Subjective value correlation for signal in brain regions during delayed discounting (DD) in pathological gamblers. A, Substantia nigra. B, Ventral striatum. C, Ventromedial prefrontal cortex. The value signal showed a negative correlation with gambling severity (measured by the Kurzfragebogen zum Glücksspielverhalten [KFG] score) in pathological gamblers (display threshold, P < .005, uncorrected). Date of download: 12/29/2017 Copyright © 2012 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.