Aim: What are some Cognitive and Socio Cultural Theories on Learning? Do Now: Take out HW – Maps in Your Mind Q’s Draw a map of the school on the blank piece of paper. Homework: Baseline Day 3 – Track Behavior Read “New Toy for Scotty” pages 31 – 32 Answer Q’’s TOP p. 31

How do the Cognitive and Behavioral perspectives on learning differ? Stress importance of “mental” activities (attention, thinking ) What goes on “inside our head” Learning does not require reinforcement BEHAVIORAL All learning must be observed. All behavior explained in terms of reaction to environment Learning must be reinforced

Maps of JJHS How does it compare to the actual map of the school? Why do some differ? What are some similarities? What is commonly left out?

Latent Learning Edward Tolman Latent means hidden. Three groups of rats (no reward, delayed reward, reward) in experiment. Sometimes learning is not immediately evident. We make mental representations (mental maps) of our real world experience and use when necessary. Rats needed a reason to display what they have learned. (Delayed Group illustrates Latent Learning.)

Tolmans’ Findings FINDINGS: Concluded rats must have learned way around map (cognitive map)during 1st set of trials, but didn’t improve because they had no reason to concludes we learn more about the situation than the reward

Applying Latent Learning 1. Give an example of how/ where latent learning occurs in life. 2. Explain how or why learning occurs in those situations. 3. Explain how you would use latent learning in others or in yourself to your advantage. 4. How could a teacher use latent learning?

Crash Course # 12 – Bobo Beatdown *Click on picture to view

Task: Read about Bandura: Bobo Doll Study OR Learned Helplessness and answer the questions that follow. Be ready to report out/ share.

After reading about Bandura’s Bobo Doll study/ our unit discuss the following…. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JWHvysF9IBw Should parents use physical punishment to modify the behavior of their children? Should parents allow their child to watch violent TV/movies?

Social Learning Theory Albert Bandura Bobo Doll Experiment We can learn through observational learning: watching what happens when other people do a behavior and learning from their experience. Skills required: mirroring, being able to picture ourselves doing the same action, and cognition, noticing consequences and associations. Click pic to see some observational learning. Observational Learning Processes Click to reveal bullets. Modeling The behavior of others serves as a model, an example of how to respond to a situation; we may try this model regardless of reinforcement. Vicarious Conditioning Vicarious: experienced indirectly, through others Vicarious reinforcement and punishment means our choices are affected as we see others get consequences for their behaviors.

Figure 6.26: Filmed models and aggression. Bandura, Ross, and Ross (1963b) found that acts of imitative aggression were most frequent among children exposed to an aggressive role model on TV whose aggression was rewarded, as predicted by Bandura’s theory of observational learning. Figure 6.26: Filmed models and aggression. Bandura, Ross, and Ross (1963b) found that acts of imitative aggression were most frequent among children exposed to an aggressive role model on TV whose aggression was rewarded, as predicted by Bandura’s theory of observational learning.

Imitation Onset Learning by observation begins early in life. This 14-month-old child imitates the adult on TV in pulling a toy apart. Child Development, 59 1221-1229. Photos Courtesy of A.N. Meltzoff and M. Hanuk. Meltzoff, A.N. (1998). Imitation of televised models by infants.

Learning by Observation Higher animals, especially humans, learn through observing and imitating others. The monkey on the right imitates the monkey on the left in touching the pictures in a certain order to obtain a reward. © Herb Terrace Preview Question 14: What is observational learning, and how is it enabled by mirror neurons? ©Herb Terrace

Observational learning occurs in both humans and animals Observational learning occurs in both humans and animals. For example, the English titmouse has learned how to break into containers to swipe cream from its human neighbors and this behavior has been passed across generations through observational learning. In a similar vein, children acquire a diverse array of responses from role models. Observational learning occurs in both humans and animals. For example, the English titmouse has learned how to break into containers to swipe cream from its human neighbors and this behavior has been passed across generations through observational learning. In a similar vein, children acquire a diverse array of responses from role models.

Mirroring in the Brain When we watch others doing or feeling something, neurons fire in patterns that would fire if we were doing the action or having the feeling ourselves. These neurons are referred to as mirror neurons, and they fire only to reflect the actions or feelings of others. Click to reveal bullets. Instructor: in this image, the brain of the person empathizing/mirroring the feelings of another are firing in some of the same areas as the person experiencing pain. Notice that the areas are more closely related to at he emotional anguish than the physical sensations (the sensory strip is not firing in the empathizer). This mirroring can be involuntary, leading to the emotional “contagion” of moods and attitudes spreading from one person to another.

From Mirroring to Imitation Humans are prone to spontaneous imitation of both behaviors and emotions (“emotional contagion”). This includes even overimitating, that is, copying adult behaviors that have no function and no reward. Children with autism are less likely to cognitively “mirror,” and less likely to follow someone else’s gaze as a neurotypical toddler (left) is doing below. Click to reveal bullets. Instructor: perhaps you can nudge students to speculate why humans are more likely to have such a strong biological tendency to spontaneously have mirror neurons fire, and to have contagious emotions and behaviors. One clue might be by seeing what is lost for children with autism who do not experience contagious yawning or have mirror neurons fire when seeing others experience actions and feelings. These children miss out on cognitive practice/observational learning of social skills, and have difficulty making social-emotional connections with others. They are able to feel such a connection, typically with family and partners, but have more difficulty establishing such connections without the quick “ESP” of neuronal mirroring.

Prosocial Effects of Observational Learning Prosocial behavior refers to actions which benefit others, contribute value to groups, and follow moral codes and social norms. Parents try to teach this behavior through lectures, but it may be taught best through modeling… especially if kids can see the benefits of the behavior to oneself or others. Click to reveal bullets.

Antisocial Effects of Observational Learning What happens when we learn from models who demonstrate antisocial behavior, actions that are harmful to individuals and society? Children who witness violence in their homes, but are not physically harmed themselves, may hate violence but still may become violent more often than the average child. Perhaps this is a result of “the Bobo doll effect”? Under stress, we do what has been modeled for us. Click to reveal bullets.

Television and Observational Learning Gentile et al., (2004) shows that children in elementary school who are exposed to violent television, videos, and video games express increased aggression. Ron Chapple/ Taxi/ Getty Images

Media Models of Violence Do we learn antisocial behavior such as violence from indirect observations of others in the media? Click to reveal bottom bar. Research shows that viewing media violence leads to increased aggression (fights) and reduced prosocial behavior (such as helping an injured person). This violence-viewing effect might be explained by imitation, and also by desensitization toward pain in others.

Figure 7.18 Media violence viewing predicts future aggressive behavior Myers: Psychology, Ninth Edition Copyright © 2010 by Worth Publishers

Albert Bandura (1977, 1986) Bobo Doll Experiment Vicarious Conditioning –vicarious conditioning occurs by an organism watching another organism (a model) be conditioned. Observational learning can occur for both classical and operant conditioning. In order for observational learning to take place, four key processes are at work. Attention – First the organism must pay attention to the model Retention – It must retain the information observed Reproduction – Be able to reproduce the behavior Motivation – Finally, an observed response is unlikely to be reproduced unless the organism is motivated to do so, i.e., they believe there will be a pay off.

Learned Helplessness Martin Seligman’s dog experiment Learn you have no control over the environment (external locus of control) As a result of experience you believe you can not escape some unpleasant stimuli

INSIGHT…..

Insight Learning Wolfgang Kohler and his Chimpanzees. Sudden coming together of elements of a situation, so a solution becomes clear Learn through the “ah ha” experience. Click pic to see insight learning. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FwDhYUlbxiQ

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySMh1mBi3cI&feature=related

Aim: What are some Cognitive and Socio Cultural Theories on Learning? Do Now: Take out Toy for Scotty HW p. 31 Homework: Baseline Day 4 – Track Behavior Enjoy the Holiday Break 

Supernanny What are the behavioral problems? What do you think is contributing to the behavioral problems? How does Jo apply operant conditioning? How does Jo apply classical conditioning? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ibLK8Kr1zvs

Aim: To Review for Learning Test Agenda: Go over questions on study guide Kahoot Crash Course – AP Psychology Homework: Test on Learning 1/9 (30 Multiple Choice and FRQ) Study Guide Due Modification Day 1 = 1/3

Kahoot

Crash Course # 11 – How to Train A Brain *Click on picture to view

Jeopardy