Bonding: General Concepts Chapter 8 Bonding: General Concepts

Quartz Photo © Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning Company. All rights reserved.

Distance Between Na+ and CI-

Figure 8.1: (a) Interaction of Hydrogen Atoms; (b) Energy Profile

Figure 8.2: Effect of Electric Field on HF Molecules (a) when no electric field is present (b) when the field is turned on

Fig 8.3: The Pauling Electronegativity Values

The Relationship Between Electronegativity and Bond Type

arrows between covalent character and ionic character in Table 8.1

Dipolar HF Showing Dipole Moment

Figure 8.4: Electrostatic Potential Map of HF

Figure 8.5: (a) Charge Distribution in Water Molecule; (b) Water Molecule in Electric Field; (c) Electrostatic Potential of Water Molecule

Figure 8.6: (a) Structure and Charge Distribution of NH3; (b) Dipole movement of NH3; (c) Electrostatic Potential Diagram of NH3 in Water Molecule

Figure 8.7: (a) CO2 Molecule; (b) Cancellation of Bond Polarities in CO2; (c) Electrostatic Potential for CO2

Types of Molecules with Polar Bonds but No Resulting Dipole Moment

Ball-and-Stick Model of CO2 in Table 8.2 Ken O'Donoghue

Ball-and-Stick Model of SO3 in Table 8.2 Ken O'Donoghue

Ball-and-Stick Model of CCl4 in Table 8.2 Ken O'Donoghue

Dipole Moment of HCl

Electrostatic Potential of HCl

Partial Charges on SO3

Electrostatic Potential of SO3

Partial Charges on CH4

Electrostatic Potential of CH4

Partial Charges on H2S

Electrostatic Potential of H2S

Dipole Moment on H2S

Ionic Compound in Solid State

Gas Phase of Ionic Substance

Bauxite Mine Courtesy, Aluminium Company of America

Common Ions with Noble Gas ConFigureurations in Ionic Compounds

Figure 8.8: Ion Sizes Related to Position in Periodic Table

Lithium Fluoride Photo © Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 8.9: Energy Changes in Formation of Solid LiF

Figure 8.10: Structure of LiF

Figure 8.11: Comparison of Energy Changes in Formation of Solid NaF and MgO

Figure 8.12: (a)(b)(c) Electrostatic Diagram Showing Three Possible Types of Bonds

Figure 8. 13: Ionic Character of Covalent Bond vs Figure 8.13: Ionic Character of Covalent Bond vs. Electronegativity Difference of Bonded Atoms

Arrangement of Atoms in CH4

Molten NaCl Photo © Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning Company. All rights reserved.

Arrangement of Atoms in CH3Cl

Segment of DNA Molecule Will & Deni McInyre/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Average Bond Energies

Bond Lengths for Selected Bonds

Space-Filling KBr Molecule

G. N. Lewis Bancroft Library

Space-Filling F2 Molecule

Space-Filling H2O Molecule

Space-Filling CO2 Molecule

Diamond Anvil Cell Courtesy, Carnegie Institute

Space-Filling BF3 Molecule

Space-Filling SF6 Molecule

Space-Filling PCl5 Molecule

Space-Filling NO3- Molecule

Space-Filling NO2- Molecule

Space-Filling SO42-

Arrangement of Two Electron Pairs on Beryllium Atom

Structure of BeCl2

Arrangement of Three Electron Pairs on Boron Atom

Structure of BF3

Arrangement of Four Electron Pairs on Carbon Atom

Tetrahedral Structure of 109.5°

Figure 8.15: Molecular Structure of CH4

Four Balloons Form Tetrahedral Shape Photo © Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 8.16: (a) Tetrahedral Arrangement of Electron Pairs in N Atom; (b) Shared Electron Pairs in NH3 , (c) Trigonal Pyramidal Structure

Figure 8.17: (a) Tetrahedral Arrangement of Electron Pairs in O Atom; (b) Shared Electron Pairs in H2O; (c) V-Shaped Structure

Figure 8.18: Bond Angles in CH4, NH3, and H2O

Figure 8. 19: Location of Electrons Shared by Two Nuclei vs Figure 8.19: Location of Electrons Shared by Two Nuclei vs. a Single Nucleus

Arrangements of Electron Pairs Around an Atom Yielding Minimum Repulsion

Table 8.6: Linear Arrangement

Table 8.6: Trigonal Planar Arrangement

Table 8.6: Tetrahedral Arrangement

Table 8.6: Trigonal Bipyramidal Arrangement

Table 8.6: Octahedral Arrangement

Ball and Stick Linear Model in Table 8.6 Ken O'Donoghue

Ball and Stick Trigonal Planar Model in Table 8.6 Ken O'Donoghue

Ball and Stick Tetrahedral Model in Table 8.6 Ken O'Donoghue

Ball and Stick Trigonal Bipyramidal Model in Table 8.6 Ken O'Donoghue

Ball and Stick Octehedral Model in Table 8.6 Ken O'Donoghue

Table 8.7: Molecule Structures with Four Electron Pairs Around Central Atom

Table 8.8: Molecule Structures with Five Electron Pairs Around Central Atom

Trigonal Bipyramidal Molecule

Tetrahedral PCl4+ Cation

Octahedral PCl6- Anion

No Dipole Moment of XeF4

Octahedral Arrangement of Xenon Atom

Figure 8.20: (a) (b) Possible Electron-Pair Arrangement for XeF4

Structure of I3-

Figure 8.21: (a) (b) (c) Possible Electron-Pair Arrangements for I3- Ion

Structure of NO3- Ion

Queen Bee Kenneth Lorenzen

Figure 8.22: (a) (b) (c) Molecular Structure of Methanol

Structure of NH3 vs PH3

Ball and Stick Model of NH3 Ken O'Donoghue

Ball and Stick Model of PH3 Ken O'Donoghue