Il ruolo delle Organizzazioni Internazionali nei processi di globalizzazione Lunedì 4 Marzo 2013 Corso Teorie della globalizzazione Canale B, Laurea magistrale, Facoltà di Scienze Politiche, LUISS Professor Daniele Archibugi

A powerful instrument of global governance: “international organisations” Inter-what? nations, states, governments? Inter meaning across or between? “Organisation” or “Organisations”? Is there one single international organisation? What forms of global governance is left out?

Practical Purpose of the Lecture Some of you may be willing to work in IOs Understand the nature of them: how they work and what they do Competences and limits

What is the alternative to International Organizations? Informal Global Governance Non transparent, non accountable Sometimes more effective, but unknown who will get the benefits Typical cases: summits, diplomacy, economic negotiations, intelligence, incentives, corruption

Typologies of International Organizations Governmental/Non governmental Global/Regional Vast competencies/Restricted competencies Real power/Symbolic Power Domination/Function

Inter-Governmental International Organisations (IGOs) Existence of member states and secretariat: Permanent Institutions Three or more members Formal and not informal, and based on a Charter, Statute, Treaty (G8 is therefore not an IGO)

International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGOs) Members are individuals or private organisations Participation of individuals of more than one country, but also aim extends to more than one country Recognition from whom? Governments, International Organizations or global public opinion?

Growth of Intergovernmental Organizations Year 1909 1976 1987 1997 Number 37 252 1,649 1,850

Growth of Non-Governmental Organizations

World Economic Forum, Davos

World Social Forum, Porto Alegre

Global Organisations Membership is potentially open to all territorial states The case of greatest success: the United Nations More limited cases, also among the INGOs. All UN specialized agencies are open to membership, but not all UN member states join them (UNICEF: 158)

Regional Organisations Typical in a geographical region The most sophisticated: the European Union Other regional organisations: NATO, OECD Regional Customs Union: Mercosur, Nafta, Asean Political Regional Union: The Arab League

Vast Competencies The United Nations The European Union and the European Commission NATO Divergence between formal and substantial competences: what are the resources available?

An example: The 2008 Financial Crisis Very little competences in International Organizations: International Monetary Fund and World Bank did not have enough resources to act as lender of last resort The European Union had a too complicated political process to take timely decisions

Global Governance outside International Organizations G8 summits provided a general consensus on what should be done. But G8 did not involve players with the purse G20 included countries with surplus, such as China and Saudi Arabia G4, the top European countries (UK, Germany, France, Italy) took important decisions, even for the ECB G2 (USA and China) agreed on the conditions of borrowing and of trading in a different context

Specific Competencies International Postal Union World Trade Organization NAFTA Amnesty International International Studies Association Danube River Authority

Power Available Political, economic, military, symbolic power Instruments in the hands of the International Organisation: own resources or resources coming from the member states? The case of peace-keeping The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank The possibility of sanctions

Some crucial institutions: The International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the WTO Are they perceived to be impartial? Do they serve the interests of all countries? What are the alternatives? Can a clear antagonism between rich and poor countries be outlined?

International Organisations and Sovereign States What happen to state sovereignty when international organisations “erode” their competencies? What will remain of sovereignty? What does it mean democratic deficit in IO? The functionalist vision

In a world of fully sovereign states, what the international society will be? An Anarchical Society (Hedley Bull) All states will act accordingly to their own interests War will be standard method to sort out international controversies There would be a limited or no existent international law Short-termism will prevail, also because of continuous mistrust

The reality of international society No state is fully sovereign Effective power exercised by public policies is limited by “civil society” Powerful and powerless states have to deal with the interests and will of others One of the main reason is that states are interdependent and more and more so and have a differentiated agenda The establishment of an international society is often in the interest of all