Civil rights Movement

Civil Rights Movement Taking on segregation in American society De facto segregation – by practice or custom De jure segregation – by law Keys to the accomplishing freedom and equality Courts Non-violent protests Massive Youth are involved The right language The media gets involved

Jim Crow America

School Desegregation

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Addressed segregation in four states – KS, SC, VA, and DE Thurgood Marshall (NAACP lawyer and future Supreme Court Justice) is the attorney Ruling: “Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” Impact: Southern Manifesto – 90 Southern members of Congress denounced Brown and called on the states to resist it “by all lawful means.” 10 years later most southern states had not fully integrated

Emmett Till (1955)

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-56)

Begins with Rosa Parks Lasts over a year Importance Martin Luther King, Jr. is selected as the leader Economic boycotts work Non-violent protests work

Formation of SCLC

Little Rock Nine (1957-58) Central High School: Little Rock, Arkansas Governor is up for reelection and does not want to integrate Uses the National Guard to deny the students entry Eisenhower meets with Faubus and convinces him that it is in his best interest to let the students enroll He provides a basic police force and it turns into a riot Eisenhower federalizes the Arkansas National Guard and sends in the 101st Airborne The next year Faubus closes the school system in Little Rock

The Greensboro Four (1960)

Formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Sit-in Movement

Freedom Rides (1961)

The Freedom Rides magnified the necessity for federal support for Civil Rights Workers This showed the nature of the state vs. federal authority issue present during the Civil Rights Movement

Birmingham (1963) Known as Bombingham; Project C (Confrontation) Specifically targeted “Letter From Birmingham City Jail” Directed towards local white clergy Tired of hearing the word “wait” The white moderate is the key problem Children’s March 1,000 children jailed

I Have a Dream Speech

The speech Connection to America’s past Constant referencing brotherhood of whites and blacks Use of geography makes it a national issue Religion, religion, religion

Selma (1965)

Selma March From Selma to Montgomery, Alabama (along the Jefferson Davis Highway) 5 days; 54 miles; from 300 to 25,000 marchers Protected by 2,000 soldiers of the U.S. Army, 1,900 members of the Alabama National Guard under Federal command, and many FBI agents and Federal Marshals

Black Power Movement

Black Panthers

Malcolm X

1968 Olympics Tommie Smith, Peter Norman, John Carlos IOC’s reaction U.S.’s reaction Australia’s reaction

San Jose State Memorial

1968 Riots