GENDER STUDIES AND QUEER THEORY
Important points: Explores issues of sexuality, power, and marginalized populations. Created because feminism failed to address concept of masculinity and homosexual writers and gay culture Gay and Lesbian Studies focused on “natural” and “unnatural” behavior with respect to homosexual behavior. Queer Theory expands this focus to any kind of sexual activity or identity that falls into normative and deviant categories. Examines contesting categorization of gender and sexuality. Believe that identities are not fixed and therefore cannot be categorized and labeled. Identities consist of varied components. Question whether or not sexual orientation is natural or essential.
Queer theory seeks to: Identify oppressive or positive representations of homosexuality in works by men and women (gay, lesbian, or straight) Look at work of author in order to determine if author was gay or straight Discover resistance to heterosexuality in unexpected places
Important Theorists: Michel Foucault (History of Sexuality 1976) showed that there is nothing natural, universal, or timeless in the constructions of sexual difference or sexual practices Donna Haraway (1944) and Judith Butler (1956) showed that anatomical differences are just representations. Gender and sexuality are performative and malleable
Gender Inclusive Pronouns: __ laughed. Ask ____! That’s ____ pen. That pen’s ____. Did ___ enjoy _____? co cos coself en ens enself ey em eir eirs emself he him his himself she her hers herself they them their theirs themself xie hir ("here") hir hirs hirself yo yos yoself ze ve zir vis ver zirs zirself verself
How to do: What elements of text can be perceived as being masculine (active, powerful) and feminine (passive, marginalized) and how do characters support these roles? What happens to characters that question male/female binary? What elements of the text are between male/female (bisexual)? How does author present text (secure, forceful, hesitant, collaborative)? What are the agendas of specific gay, lesbian, or queer works and how are those agendas revealed in thematic content or characters?
How to do Continued: What are the literary devices and strategies of specific gay, lesbian, or queer works? What does the work contribute to our knowledge of queer, gay, or lesbian experience and history including literary history? How is queer, gay, lesbian experience coded in texts that are by writers who are apparently homosexual? What does the work reveal about the operations (socially, politically, psychologically) of homophobia? How does the text illustrate the issues of sexuality and sexual “identity”? Does it demonstrate the ways in which human sexuality does not fall neatly into the separate categories of heterosexual and homosexual?
Redefining Black Masculinity and Manhood by Shelia Wise Suggests that the assumption of a successful black man is that he is heterosexual. Therefore, conceptually, a black gay man contradicts idea of successful black man (4) Masculinities are constructed. “Black masculinity is constructed under cloud of oppression” (Clyde Franklin) (6) “Machismo” is not only about the relationship between men and women. Also about proving masculinity and virility to other men. Also about showing one’s self masculinity (Roger Lancaster) (7-8) What is expected is a masculine gay man or a straight man that just happens to sleep with men (12) Years of physical and mental oppression and emasculation (slavery) connect to a black man’s ideas of manhood and his effort to overcome that history (13) Black masculinity has shifted from patriarchal to phallocentric because black men live in a capitalist society which deprives them of their rights and exploits their labor (bell hooks) (14)