Rise of Nationalism in Eastern Europe Nationalism & Liberalism a dynamic force Ethnic groups vying for independence Liberals want reform Countries falling apart Austria: old & multiethnic Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, Poles, Ukrainians, Slovenes, Romanians, Croats, & Serbs

Austrian Attempt to Restore Order Francis Joseph I-New Emperor Ruled from 1849 to 1918 Revolutions of 1848 & War with Prussia shows weakness of Austrian Empire Hungarians press for independence Why can they do this now? Compromise-constitution Form of Dual-Monarchy Austria-Hungary is formed Able to keep the empire together

Russian Diversity Earlier Czar’s expanding to East and West Incorporate in west: Poles, Ukrainians, Jews, Romanians, and Estonians The East: Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Chechens, Tadjiks Encouraged Russification Settled many Russians to new areas Forced ethnic groups to adopt Russian lang, customs, and Orthodox Christianity. Why this strategy? Russian Diversity

Russian Desire for Reforms Just as in Europe, Russians desired gov’t reform Abolished serfdom Allowed local councils to rule local matters Peasants just wanted more 1905 Revolution Russians defeated by Japanese Time for change October Manifesto Constitutional Monarchy Created the Duma (legislature) Russian Desire for Reforms

Ottoman Empire “Sick Man of Europe” Ethnically diverse Why is it called this? Ethnically diverse Europe: Romanians, Greeks, Bulgarians, Macedonians Asia:Turks, Armenians, Kurds, Syrians, Arabs, Jews Empire was strategically important for many countries: Constantinople-access to Black Sea Suez Canal now completed Constantly attacked by everyone What does Europe really care about?

Russian Ambitions Eastern Questions Everyone knew Ott. Emp falling apart ?-Who’s going to get the new territory Russians want access to Mediterranean- Why? Want Constantinople Warm-water port Ship grain to Europe Uses Religion as excuse to attack Ott. Empire Where have we seen this before? Russian Ambitions

Crimean War Crimean War Florence Nightingale Europe fears Russian growth Br. & Fr. prop up Ottoman Emp. by fighting the Russians- Why? Fought on Crimean peninsula Russians not adequately prepared Florence Nightingale Restructured roles of nurses Clean medical tools Clean bed sheets Fresh fruit/meals

Congress of Berlin Led by Bismarck of Prussia- Why him? Way to give a little to Russians, but also to take for themselves Russian gets- Independence for Serbia, Romania, & Montenegro Control of Bulgaria Austria gets- Control of Bosnia British gets- Control of Cyprus Protects Suez Canal Prussia gets position of major European power Congress of Berlin