Barbara Stanic, PhD, Willem van de Veen, PhD, Oliver F

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IL-10–overexpressing B cells regulate innate and adaptive immune responses  Barbara Stanic, PhD, Willem van de Veen, PhD, Oliver F. Wirz, MSc, Beate Rückert, Sci Tec, Hideaki Morita, MD, PhD, Stefan Söllner, Sci Tec, Cezmi A. Akdis, MD, Mübeccel Akdis, MD, PhD  Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology  Volume 135, Issue 3, Pages 771-780.e8 (March 2015) DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.041 Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Overexpression of human IL-10 and profile of concurrent cytokine release from IL-10–overexpressing B cells. Freshly purified human B cells were transfected with pORF–hIL-10 (IL10_tr, solid circles) or pORF-mcs (ctrl_tr, open circles) and cultured in medium for 24 hours. Secreted human IL-10 and other cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors were quantified by using a bead-based multiplex cytokine quantification method. Each connected pair of dots represents individual donor results (n = 12 donors). *P < .05, **P < .01, and ***P < .001, Wilcoxon matched pairs test. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 135, 771-780.e8DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.041) Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Expression profile of immunosuppression- and costimulation-related genes in IL-10–overexpressing B cells. Expression of immunoregulatory molecules (A), members of the B7 gene family (B), and common apoptosis-related molecules (C) was determined in transfected B cells by using quantitative RT-PCR after 24 hours, and expression of surface immunoregulatory molecules (D), costimulatory molecules, and HLA-DR (E) was determined by using flow cytometry 36 hours after transfection, respectively. The extent of transcription for target genes was calculated as ΔΔ cycle threshold values relative to the elongation factor 1α (EF1α) housekeeping gene and presented when corresponding values for control transfected B cells were set as 1. Protein expression data are presented in graphs as either mean fluorescent intensities (MFI) or proportions of positive cells (in percentages) and depicted as a pair of dots linking each donor's data (n = 4-9 donors). *P < .05 and **P < .01, paired t test. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 135, 771-780.e8DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.041) Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Surface marker phenotypes, transcription factor signatures, and profiles of IgE production in IL-10–overexpressing B cells. A, Expression of the B-cell surface molecules CD19 and CD27 and the surface immunoglobulins IgM and IgD was assessed in transfected B cells by means of flow cytometry 36 hours after transfection. B and C, mRNA levels for transcription factor genes (Fig 3, B) and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and immunoglobulin genes (Fig 3, C) were determined by using quantitative RT-PCR 24 and 72 hours after transfection, respectively (n = 4-9). D, Cell-culture supernatants of total B cells, sorted naive B cells (CD19+CD27−), or memory B cells (CD19+CD27+) transfected with pORF–hIL-10 or pORF-mcs and subsequently stimulated with TLR9-L were quantified for secreted IgE 10 days after transfection by using the same method (n = 4 donors). *P < .05, **P < .01, and ***P < .001, paired t test. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 135, 771-780.e8DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.041) Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 Cytokine secretion from PBMCs coincubated with TLR9-L–pretreated and IL-10–transfected B cells on TLR2-L or TLR4-L stimulation. Purified B cells were prestimulated with TLR9-L (72 hours), transfected either with pORF–hIL-10 or pORF-mcs, cocultured with autologous PBMCs (B cell/PBMC ratio, 1:4), and stimulated with TLR2-L or TLR4-L. Secreted cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines were quantified in cell-coculture supernatants by using a bead-based multiplex cytokine measurement 24 hours after stimulation (n = 4 donors). *P < .05, paired t test. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 135, 771-780.e8DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.041) Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 5 MDDC maturation, expression of costimulatory molecules, and cytokine release on coincubation with TLR9-L–preactivated and IL-10–transfected B cells and stimulation with TLR4-L. B cells were pretreated with TLR9-L for 72 hours, transfected with pORF–hIL-10 (hIL-10_trB) or pORF-mcs (ctrl_trB), and coincubated with MDDCs (B cell/MDDC ratios, 1:2, 1:4, or 1:8). Cocultures are subsequently stimulated with TLR4-L for 36 hours. A and B, Expression of CD14 and CD11c (Fig 5, A) and costimulatory molecules (Fig 5, B) was assessed by using flow cytometry. A representative dot plot of CD14/CD11c expression and normalized percentage values for CD80, CD83, CD86, and PD-L1 relative to control sample (stimulated MDDCs set as 100%) are presented. C, Cytokine secretion was quantified in cell-coculture (ratio, 1:2) supernatants by using a bead-based multiplex cytokine quantification (n = 4 donors). *P < .05, paired t test. **P < .01 and ***P < .001. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 135, 771-780.e8DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.041) Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 6 Antigen-specific proliferation of PBMCs coincubated with IL-10–overexpressing B cells. B cells were transfected to overexpress IL-10 and cocultured with PBMCs after stimulation with TT for 5 days (B cell/PBMC ratio, 1:4). Tritiated thymidine was added to cultures for the last 8 hours of culture. Cells were harvested, and the proportion of incorporated thymidine was quantified. Results are presented as proliferation relative to the TT-treated PBMC sample (proliferation control set as 100) and expressed as a percentage (n = 5 donors). *P < .05, **P < .01, and ***P < .005, paired t test. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 135, 771-780.e8DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.041) Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E1 Optimization of B-cell transfection efficiency and kinetics of IL-10 expression. Freshly purified human B cells were transfected with indicated amounts of either pmaxGFP construct or pORF-hIL-10 (IL-10_tr B) or pORF-mcs (ctrl_tr B) plasmid and cultured in medium for 24 hours. A and B, Transfection efficiency was determined by using flow cytometry and presented as the proportion of live green fluorescent protein (GFP)–positive cells (Fig E1, A) and secreted IL-10 (Fig E1, B) in cell-culture supernatants of transfected cells measured by using a specific ELISA. After transfection, B cells were either cultured in medium only or stimulated with 1 μmol/L TLR9-L for 5 days. C and D, Secreted IL-10 was quantified in supernatants (Fig E1, C), and IL-10 mRNA expression was quantified in cell lysates by using quantitative RT-PCR 24 hours after transfection (Fig E1, D). Both types of transfected samples were additionally compared with nontransfected B cells under corresponding conditions (n = 4 donors). *P < .05, **P < .01, and ***P < .001, paired t test. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 135, 771-780.e8DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.041) Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E2 Extended profile of cytokine secretion from IL-10–overexpressing B cells. Transfected B cells were cultured in medium for 24 hours. Secretion of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors was quantified by using bead-based multiplex cytokine measurement (n = 12 donors). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 135, 771-780.e8DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.041) Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E3 Extended profile of gene expression in IL-10–overexpressing B cells. Gene expression was determined by using quantitative RT-PCR in transfected B cells 24 hours after transfection (n = 4-9 donors). *P < .05, paired t test. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 135, 771-780.e8DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.041) Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E4 Effect of additional TLR9-L stimulation on immunoregulation- and apoptosis-related molecules in B cells after IL-10 transfection. A, After transfection, B cells were either cultured in medium only or stimulated with 1 μmol/L TLR9-L, and their culture supernatants were quantified for TGF-β and Semaphorin3A secretion by using specific ELISAs. B, Relative mRNA expression for IL10, SOCS3, TGFB1, FAS, and TNFSF10 was assessed in cell lysates after 24 hours (n = 4 donors). *P < .05, **P < .01, and ***P < .001, paired t test. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 135, 771-780.e8DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.041) Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E5 Phenotype of TLR9-L–pretreated IL-10–overexpressing B cells. B cells were preconditioned with CpG for 72 hours, transfected, and cultured in medium. A, Twenty-four hours after transfection, cell-culture supernatants or cell pellets were quantified for secreted IL-10 and relative IL-10 mRNA expression by using specific ELISA and quantitative PCR, respectively. B, In addition, relative gene expression for the immunoglobulin isotypes CD25, CD71, and CD73 was determined (n = 3 donors). C, In parallel samples cell-culture supernatants were collected 7 days after transfection and quantified for protein secretion by using bead-based multiplex immunoglobulin isotype measurement (n = 2 donors). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 135, 771-780.e8DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.041) Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E6 Extended profile of cytokine secretion from PBMCs coincubated with TLR9-L–pretreated and IL-10–transfected B cells on TLR2-L or TLR4-L stimulation. Secreted cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines were quantified in cell-coculture supernatants by using bead-based multiplex cytokine measurement 24 hours after stimulation (n = 4 donors). *P < .05 and **P < .01, paired t test. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 135, 771-780.e8DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.041) Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions