Factor Structure of the Cybersex Motives Questionnaire PD Stéphane Rothen PhD Psych, MSc Stat Elisabeth Franc Prof. Yasser Khazaal Prof. Daniele Zullino
Internet is widely used for sexual activities and pornography. Rationale Internet is widely used for sexual activities and pornography. Little is known about the reasons why people are looking for meetings and sexual interactions through the Internet.
Objectives The goal of the study was to adapt the Gambling Motives Questionnaire for cybersex use and to validate its structure
Methods Online sample 191 subjects PCA Cronbach’s alpha Among the 531 subjects who clicked on the link to the study, 400 gave their consent to participate. After removing cases with missing value on the GMQ questionnaire, 191 subjects were included in the analyses. Hokusai
Sample 54 28.3% 137 71.7% 16 69
16 69 Sample Celibate In relationship Heterosexual Married Homosexual 79 39.8% In relationship 72 37.7% Married 42 22.0% 30 28.3% 36 71.7% Heterosexual 145 77.5% Homosexual 11 5.9% Bisexual 31 16.6% 16 69 Age range was between 16 and 69 years old, with the median at 32. Males were older than females (t-test: 36.1 vs. 30.0 respectively, t=2.7, df=159, p<0.01). There were no statistical association between gender and sexual orientation.
GMQ As a way to celebrate To relax Because you like the feeling Because it’s what most of your friends do when you get together To forget your worries Because it’s exciting To be sociable Because you feel more self confident or sure of yourself To get a “high” feeling Because it is something I do on special occasions Because it helps when you are feeling nervous or depressed Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good GMQ
Enhancement Motives Subscale As a way to celebrate To relax Because you like the feeling Because it’s what most of your friends do when you get together To forget your worries Because it’s exciting To be sociable Because you feel more self confident or sure of yourself To get a “high” feeling Because it is something I do on special occasions Because it helps when you are feeling nervous or depressed Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good GMQ Enhancement Motives Subscale
Social Motives Subscale As a way to celebrate To relax Because you like the feeling Because it’s what most of your friends do when you get together To forget your worries Because it’s exciting To be sociable Because you feel more self confident or sure of yourself To get a “high” feeling Because it is something I do on special occasions Because it helps when you are feeling nervous or depressed Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good GMQ Social Motives Subscale
Coping Motives Subscale As a way to celebrate To relax Because you like the feeling Because it’s what most of your friends do when you get together To forget your worries Because it’s exciting To be sociable Because you feel more self confident or sure of yourself To get a “high” feeling Because it is something I do on special occasions Because it helps when you are feeling nervous or depressed Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good GMQ Coping Motives Subscale
Cybersex MQ As a way to celebrate To relax Because you like the feeling Because it’s what most of your friends do when you get together To forget your worries Because it’s exciting To be sociable Because you feel more self confident or sure of yourself To get a “high” feeling Because it is something I do on special occasions Because it helps when you are feeling nervous or depressed Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ As a way to celebrate To relax Because you like the feeling Because it’s what most of your friends do when you get together To forget your worries Because it’s exciting To be sociable Because you feel more self confident or sure of yourself To get a “high” feeling Because it is something I do on special occasions Because it helps when you are feeling nervous or depressed Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because you like the feeling Because it’s what most of your friends do when you get together To forget your worries Because it’s exciting To be sociable Because you feel more self confident or sure of yourself To get a “high” feeling Because it is something I do on special occasions Because it helps when you are feeling nervous or depressed Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because you like the feeling Because it’s what most of your friends do when you get together To forget your worries Because it’s exciting To be sociable Because you feel more self confident or sure of yourself To get a “high” feeling Because it is something I do on special occasions Because it helps when you are feeling nervous or depressed Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because you like the feeling Because it’s what most of your friends do when you get together To forget your worries Because it’s exciting To be sociable Because you feel more self confident or sure of yourself To get a “high” feeling Because it is something I do on special occasions Because it helps when you are feeling nervous or depressed Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because I like the feeling Because it’s what most of your friends do when you get together To forget your worries Because it’s exciting To be sociable Because you feel more self confident or sure of yourself To get a “high” feeling Because it is something I do on special occasions Because it helps when you are feeling nervous or depressed Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because I like the feeling Because it’s what most of your friends do when you get together To forget your worries Because it’s exciting To be sociable Because you feel more self confident or sure of yourself To get a “high” feeling Because it is something I do on special occasions Because it helps when you are feeling nervous or depressed Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people To forget your worries Because it’s exciting To be sociable Because you feel more self confident or sure of yourself To get a “high” feeling Because it is something I do on special occasions Because it helps when you are feeling nervous or depressed Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people To forget your worries Because it’s exciting To be sociable Because you feel more self confident or sure of yourself To get a “high” feeling Because it is something I do on special occasions Because it helps when you are feeling nervous or depressed Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people In order to forget my problems or worries Because it’s exciting To be sociable Because you feel more self confident or sure of yourself To get a “high” feeling Because it is something I do on special occasions Because it helps when you are feeling nervous or depressed Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people In order to forget my problems or worries Because it’s exciting To be sociable Because you feel more self confident or sure of yourself To get a “high” feeling Because it is something I do on special occasions Because it helps when you are feeling nervous or depressed Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people In order to forget my problems or worries Because it’s exciting To be sociable Because you feel more self confident or sure of yourself To get a “high” feeling Because it is something I do on special occasions Because it helps when you are feeling nervous or depressed Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people In order to forget my problems or worries Because it’s exciting For being sociable and appreciated by others Because you feel more self confident or sure of yourself To get a “high” feeling Because it is something I do on special occasions Because it helps when you are feeling nervous or depressed Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people In order to forget my problems or worries Because it’s exciting For being sociable and appreciated by others Because you feel more self confident or sure of yourself To get a “high” feeling Because it is something I do on special occasions Because it helps when you are feeling nervous or depressed Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people In order to forget my problems or worries Because it’s exciting For being sociable and appreciated by others For feeling confident about myself and upgrading my self estimation To get a “high” feeling Because it is something I do on special occasions Because it helps when you are feeling nervous or depressed Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people In order to forget my problems or worries Because it’s exciting For being sociable and appreciated by others For feeling confident about myself and upgrading my self estimation To get a “high” feeling Because it is something I do on special occasions Because it helps when you are feeling nervous or depressed Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people In order to forget my problems or worries Because it’s exciting For being sociable and appreciated by others For feeling confident about myself and upgrading my self estimation To get a “high” feeling Because it is something I do on special occasions Because it helps when you are feeling nervous or depressed Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people In order to forget my problems or worries Because it’s exciting For being sociable and appreciated by others For feeling confident about myself and upgrading my self estimation To get a “high” feeling For masturbation Because it helps when you are feeling nervous or depressed Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people In order to forget my problems or worries Because it’s exciting For being sociable and appreciated by others For feeling confident about myself and upgrading my self estimation To get a “high” feeling For masturbation Because it helps when you are feeling nervous or depressed Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people In order to forget my problems or worries Because it’s exciting For being sociable and appreciated by others For feeling confident about myself and upgrading my self estimation To get a “high” feeling For masturbation Because it helps when I’m depressed or nervous Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people In order to forget my problems or worries Because it’s exciting For being sociable and appreciated by others For feeling confident about myself and upgrading my self estimation To get a “high” feeling For masturbation Because it helps when I’m depressed or nervous Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people In order to forget my problems or worries Because it’s exciting For being sociable and appreciated by others For feeling confident about myself and upgrading my self estimation To get a “high” feeling For masturbation Because it helps when I’m depressed or nervous Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people In order to forget my problems or worries Because it’s exciting For being sociable and appreciated by others For feeling confident about myself and upgrading my self estimation To get a “high” feeling For masturbation Because it helps when I’m depressed or nervous Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable To cheer up when you’re in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people In order to forget my problems or worries Because it’s exciting For being sociable and appreciated by others For feeling confident about myself and upgrading my self estimation To get a “high” feeling For masturbation Because it helps when I’m depressed or nervous Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable It comforts me when I am in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people In order to forget my problems or worries Because it’s exciting For being sociable and appreciated by others For feeling confident about myself and upgrading my self estimation To get a “high” feeling For masturbation Because it helps when I’m depressed or nervous Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable It comforts me when I am in a bad mood Because it makes you feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people In order to forget my problems or worries Because it’s exciting For being sociable and appreciated by others For feeling confident about myself and upgrading my self estimation To get a “high” feeling For masturbation Because it helps when I’m depressed or nervous Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable It comforts me when I am in a bad mood Because it makes me feel good Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people In order to forget my problems or worries Because it’s exciting For being sociable and appreciated by others For feeling confident about myself and upgrading my self estimation To get a “high” feeling For masturbation Because it helps when I’m depressed or nervous Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable It comforts me when I am in a bad mood Because it makes me feel good To meet somebody Cybersex MQ
Cybersex MQ To get entertained To relax Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people In order to forget my problems or worries Because it’s exciting For being sociable and appreciated by others For feeling confident about myself and upgrading my self estimation To get a “high” feeling For masturbation Because it helps when I’m depressed or nervous Because it’s fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable It comforts me when I am in a bad mood Because it makes me feel good To meet somebody For watching Cybersex MQ
PCA With the discrete nature of the GMQ items, PCA is preferred over exploratory factor analysis (EFA) since PCA does not assume any particular multivariate model, which is not the case for EFA. Moreover, it is known that when the same numbers of factors or components are extracted, both techniques yield highly similar results. The number of components to extract was determined by the scree test and the Velicer’s minimum average partial (MAP) test done on the correlation matrix.
PCA Scree Test The scree-test suggested clearly retaining three factors
PCA MAP Test the MAP test gave an ambiguous solution since 2 or 3 factors got a very close value (0.0301 and 0.0302 respectively) knowing that the MAP test interpretation is on the basis the smaller the better.
PCA MAP Test In order to disentangle the MAP test result, a bootstrap technique was applied, which confirmed the ambiguous result: among the 1000 bootstrap samples, 52% suggested retaining 2 factor and 43% 3 factors while the boxplots from the bootstrapped MAP test (Figure 3) for 2 and 3 factors are overlapping almost completely.
CMQ – 2 factors To get entertained To relax To meet somebody Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people In order to forget my problems or worries Because it is exciting For being sociable and appreciated by others For watching To get a « high » feeling For masturbation Because it helps when I’m depressed or nervous Simply because it is fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable It comforts me when I am in a bad mood For feeling confident about myself and upgrading my self estimation Because it makes me feel good CMQ – 2 factors
Enhancement Motives Subscale To get entertained To relax To meet somebody Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people In order to forget my problems or worries Because it is exciting For being sociable and appreciated by others For watching To get a « high » feeling For masturbation Because it helps when I’m depressed or nervous Simply because it is fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable It comforts me when I am in a bad mood For feeling confident about myself and upgrading my self estimation Because it makes me feel good CMQ – 3 factors Enhancement Motives Subscale These are the same as in the original GMQ + 1. 9. and 10. which are the modified or added questions and are relevant into this subscale. 2. To relax was originally on the Coping scale. But it also has a high loading on this factor. 17. as well.
Coping Motives Subscale To get entertained To relax To meet somebody Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people In order to forget my problems or worries Because it is exciting For being sociable and appreciated by others For watching To get a « high » feeling For masturbation Because it helps when I’m depressed or nervous Simply because it is fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable It comforts me when I am in a bad mood For feeling confident about myself and upgrading my self estimation Because it makes me feel good CMQ – 3 factors Coping Motives Subscale Again, these are the same as in the original GMQ 16. has also a high loading on factor Social motives, which is a bit incoherent.
Social Motives Subscale To get entertained To relax To meet somebody Because I like the feeling Because I need to exchange with other people In order to forget my problems or worries Because it is exciting For being sociable and appreciated by others For watching To get a « high » feeling For masturbation Because it helps when I’m depressed or nervous Simply because it is fun Because it makes a social gathering more enjoyable It comforts me when I am in a bad mood For feeling confident about myself and upgrading my self estimation Because it makes me feel good CMQ – 3 factors Social Motives Subscale Again, these are the same as in the original GMQ
Reliability 0.84 [0.79;0.90] 0.79 [0.70;0.88] 0.73 [0.63;0.83] Factor I 0.84 [0.79;0.90] Factor II 0.79 [0.72;0.86] Enhancement Motives Subscale 0.84 [0.79;0.90] Coping Motives Subscale 0.79 [0.70;0.88] Social Motives Subscale 0.73 [0.63;0.83]
Conclusions Rather three factors Needs replications You can use it!
Stephane.Rothen@hcuge.ch
Sample 17.8% 7.4% 1.9% 7.4% 84.6% 74.8%