EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Edition in Modules) David Myers

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EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Edition in Modules) David Myers PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, © 2008

Learning By Observation

Learning Learning by Observation Bandura’s Experiments Applications of Observational Learning

Learning by Observation Higher animals, especially humans, learn through observing and imitating others. The monkey on the right imitates the monkey on the left in touching the pictures in a certain order to obtain a reward. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKhAd0Tyny0 © Herb Terrace Preview Question 12: What is observational learning? ©Herb Terrace

Mirror Neurons Neuroscientists discovered mirror neurons in the brains of animals and humans that are active during observational learning. https://www.ted.com/talks/vs_ramachandran_the_neurons_that_shaped_civilization?language=en © AAAS.

Mirror Neurons Rubber Hand Illusion

Imitation Onset Learning by observation begins early in life. This 14-month-old child imitates the adult on TV in pulling a toy apart. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yCt89VSRe4w&t=1s Child Development, 59 1221-1229. Photos Courtesy of A.N. Meltzoff and M. Hanuk. Meltzoff, A.N. (1998). Imitation of televised models by infants.

Courtesy of Albert Bandura, Stanford University Bandura's Experiments Bandura's Bobo doll study (1961) indicated that individuals (children) learn through imitating others who receive rewards and punishments. Courtesy of Albert Bandura, Stanford University

Applications of Observational Learning Unfortunately, Bandura’s studies show that antisocial models (family, neighborhood or TV) may have antisocial effects.

Positive Observational Learning Fortunately, prosocial (positive, helpful) models may have prosocial effects. Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works

Television and Observational Learning Gentile et al., (2004) shows that children in elementary school who are exposed to violent television, videos, and video games express increased aggression. Ron Chapple/ Taxi/ Getty Images

Modeling Violence Research shows that viewing media violence leads to an increased expression of aggression. Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works Glassman/ The Image Works Children modeling after pro wrestlers

Crash Course https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=128Ts5r9NRE&index=12&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6