a Cerebrum b Cerebellum Left cerebral hemisphere Gyri Sulci Figure 14–1 An Introduction to Brain Structures and Functions (Part 1 of 2). Left cerebral hemisphere Gyri a Cerebrum Sulci Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions Memory storage and processing Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions Fissures b Cerebellum Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns Adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord Spinal cord

Figure 14–2a Ventricular System. Cerebral hemispheres Ventricular System of the Brain Lateral ventricles Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Central canal a a Ventricular system, lateral view

Figure 14–2b Ventricular System. Cerebral hemispheres Ventricular System of the Brain Lateral ventricles Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle Central canal Cerebellum b Ventricular system, anterior view

A lateral view of the brain, showing its position in Figure 14–3a The Relationships among the Brain, Cranium, and Cranial Meninges. Cranium Periosteal cranial dura Dura mater Dural sinus Meningeal cranial dura Subarachnoid space Pia mater Subdural space Cerebral cortex Arachnoid mater Cerebrum Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord a A lateral view of the brain, showing its position in the cranium and the organization of the meninges

Figure 14–5a The Diencephalon and Brainstem. Cerebral peduncle Thalamus Lateral geniculate nucleus Optic tract Medial geniculate nucleus Cranial Nerves Midbrain II Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus III IV Cerebellar Peduncles Superior cerebellar peduncle V Pons Middle cerebellar peduncle VI VII Inferior cerebellar peduncle VIII IX X Medulla oblongata XI XII Spinal nerve C1 Spinal nerve C2 Spinal cord a Lateral view

Figure 14–12a The Limbic System. Corpus callosum Pineal gland Fornix Cingulate gyrus (superior portion of limbic lobe) Anterior thalamic nuclei Parahippocampal gyrus (inferior portion of limbic lobe) Hypothalamus Mammillary body Hippocampus (within dentate gyrus, the posterior portion of limbic lobe) Temporal lobe of cerebrum a A diagrammatic sagittal section through the cerebrum, showing the cortical areas associated with the limbic system. The parahippocampal gyrus is shown as though transparent to make deeper limbic components visible.

Figure 14–11a The Hypothalamus in Sagittal Section. Parietal lobe Corpus callosum Choroid plexus Septum pellucidum Thalamus (surrounds third ventricle) Fornix Anterior cerebral artery Pineal gland Hypothalamus Frontal lobe Cerebral aqueduct Anterior commissure Cerebellum Optic chiasm Fourth ventricle Optic nerve Infundibulum (cut) Tuber cinereum Mammillary body a The hypothalamus and adjacent portions of the brain

Figure 14–13b The Brain in Lateral View. Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Lateral sulcus Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata b Lateral view

Figure 14–13d The Brain in Lateral View. Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Cingulate gyrus Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Parieto- occipital sulcus Occipital lobe Pons Temporal lobe Cerebellum Medulla oblongata d Midsagittal section

Figure 14–18 Origins of the Cranial Nerves (Part 2 of 2). Olfactory bulb: termination of olfactory nerve (I) Optic nerve (II) Oculomotor nerve (III) Trochlear nerve (IV) Trigeminal nerve (V) Abducens nerve (VI) Facial nerve (VII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Vagus nerve (X) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Accessory nerve (XI)