Kingdoms and their Characteristics

6 Kingdom System Archaebacteria Prokaryotic, unicellular, autotrophic and/or heterotrophic, cell walls Salt-loving microbes, heat-loving microbes, “extremophiles” Eubacteria Bacteria, blue-green algae Protista Eukaryotic, unicellular, autotrophic and/or heterotrophic, cell walls Amoeba, euglena, paramecium, algae, seaweed Fungi Eukaryotic, unicellular and multicellular, heterotrophic, cell walls Mushroom, puffball, mold Plantae Eukaryotic, multicellular, form true tissues, autotrophic, cell walls Trees, roses, corn Animalia Eukaryotic, multicellular, form true tissues, heterotrophic, no cell walls Earthworm, fruit fly, elephant

(EU)Bacteria Our invisible friends

Bacteria (Prokaryote) Review Mostly single-celled No nucleus or organelles Circular chromosomes Cell walls Reproduce mostly asexually (binary fission) Anaerobic or aerobic Heterotrophic or autotrophic

Eubacteria Examples Parasitic heterotrophs (Streptococcus) Saprophages (feed off of dead or decaying matter) Sapro = death Phage = eat Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) Photosynthetic Chemosynthetic autotrophs (Rhizobium) - make their own food using chemicals

Bacteria are Named by Shape Cocci (sphere-shaped) Streptococcus mutans Bacillus (rod-shaped) Clostridium botulinum Spirilli (spiral-shaped) Treponema palladium Bacteria infections are usually treated by antibiotics

Personal Defenses-T-cell/B-cell Lymphocytes Immune response T-cells recognize pathogen invaders (viral or bacterial) by antigens on pathogen surface T-cells signal B-cells B-cells create body’s antibodies to specific pathogen Defend against same pathogen in the future

VIRUSES ARE NOT IN ANY KINGDOM! But we still need to know about them In isolation, viruses and bacteriophages show none of the expected signs of life. They do not respond to stimuli, they do not grow, they do not do any of the things we normally associate with life. Strictly speaking, they should not be considered "living" organisms at all. However, they are more complex than a lifeless collection of macromolecules and they do show one of the most important signs of life: the ability to reproduce at a fantastic rate but only in a host cell.

Viral Reproduction Bacteriophages attack bacteria (prokaryotes) Viruses attack eukaryotic cells. Viruses and bacteriophages invade cells and use the host cell's machinery to synthesize more of their own macromolecules. Once inside the host the bacteriophage or virus will either go into a Lytic Cycle- destroying the host cell during reproduction. or It will go into a Lysogenic Cycle – a parasitic type of partnership with the cell In either case, Viral Infections can be prevented with vaccines (if one exists) or treated with antivirals

The Lytic Cycle

The Lysogenic Cycle

Kingdom Protista A protist is any eukaryotic organism that is not a plant, an animal, or a fungus. Protista comes from Greek language and means “the very first,” so the first eukaryotic organisms that appeared were protists.

3 Groups of Protists Animal-like protists: these are unicellular heterotrophs that perform internal digestion Ex. Amoeba (pronounced “a-mee-buh”) Pseudopod-it means “fake foot,” used for movement and eating Contractile vacuole-this pumps excess water out of the cell

Animal-like protists continued… Ex. Paramecium cilia-tiny hair-like projections used for movement

3 Groups of Protists continued… Plant-like protists: these are unicellular autotrophs without cell walls Ex. Euglena and algae Flagellum-a long whip-like tail used for movement Photoreceptor-an organelle used to detect light, sometimes called an eyespot

3 Types of Protists Continued… Fungus-like Protists: these obtain food by external digestion and absorbing it Ex. Slimemold

Diseases Caused by Protists 1) Malaria: Malaria is caused by a parasitic protist called Plasmodium, which is transmitted via the bites of infected mosquitoes. Plasmodium requires humans for reproductive purposes. Symptoms: fever, headache, and vomiting, and usually appear between 10 and 15 days after the mosquito bite. If not treated, malaria can quickly become life-threatening by disrupting the blood supply to vital organs. 2) African Sleeping Sickness: also called African Trypanosomiasis, is caused by the parasitic protist called Trypanosoma, is transmitted by the tsetse fly, causes problems to the nervous system Symptoms: Stage 1: fever, headaches, joint pains and itching Stage 2: confusion, sensory disturbances, poor coordination, and sleeping for most of the day