Respiration & Circulation Chapter 16

Lesson 1

Functions of the Respiratory System Taking in oxygen Every cell in your body needs oxygen Oxygen and sugar react in Cellular Respiration to release energy a cell can use Eliminating Carbon Dioxide CO2 is a waste product of Cellular Respiration Respiratory system removes CO2 and other waste gases from your body If the wastes aren’t remove, they build up and become toxic

Organs of the Respiratory system Pharynx Tubelike passageway at the top of the throat that receives air, food and liquids from the mouth or nose Epiglottis - a flap of tissue at the bottom of the Pharynx that keeps food and liquids from entering the rest of the respiratory system

Organs of the Respiratory system Larynx Air passes from the pharynx into a triangle-shaped area called the voice box or Larynx Two thick folds of tissue (vocal cords) vibrate and make sounds as air passes over them Trachea A tube that is held open by C- Shaped rings of cartilage

Organs of the Respiratory system Bronchi The Trachea branches into two narrower tubes called Bronchi, that lead into the lungs Lungs Main organs of the respiratory system Inside the lungs, the bronchi branch off into smaller and more narrow tubes called bronchioles

Inside the lungs Gas Exchange Alveoli Inside the lungs the bronchioles end in microscopic sacs/pouches called alveoli This is where gas exchange occurs Gas Exchange Oxygen from the air we breath moves into the blood and Carbon Dioxide from your blood moves into the alveoli Alveoli fill with air when you breathe in, and contract/expel air when you breathe out The alveoli are surrounded by blood vessels Walls of alveoli are only one cell think, these thin walls enable a high rate of gas exchange

Breathing and Air Pressure How does your body know when to breathe? When high levels of CO2 build up in your blood the Nervous system sends a signal to your brain to exhale After each exhale, you breath in (inhale) Diaphragm Below your lungs is a large muscle called the diaphragm This muscle contract and relaxes to move air in and out of your lungs The movement of this muscle causes changes in air pressure inside your chest cavity These changes in air pressure cause you to breathe

The Circulatory System Lesson 2

Functions of the Circulatory System Transportation Your circulatory system is like a network of roads, and your blood cells are like vehicles that travel on those roads Blood carries food, water, oxygen, and other materials to your cells Elimination Blood must also carry away waste materials As blood circulates it picks up Carbon Dioxide produced from cellular respiration Also picks up waste products from all the other chemical reactions that take place inside cells

Circulatory System Organs Heart The heart is a muscle that pushes blood through the circulatory system Heart beats 70-75 times per minute (on average) It beat slower when you sleep and speeds up when you are active or frightened The Heart has four chambers Two Upper Chambers called the Atria Blood enters the heart into the Atria Two Lower Chambers called the Ventricles Blood leaves the heart from the Ventricles

Blood Vessels Arteries Capillaries Veins A vessel that takes blood away from the heart Capillaries Tiny blood vessels that deliver supplies to individual cells and take away waste materials Veins A vessel that brings blood toward the heart

Types of Circulation Systemic Circulation Coronary Circulation Blood from heart to body and back to heart Coronary Circulation Blood supplied to cell of the Heart Pulmonary Circulation Blood to and from lungs

Circulatory System Health Hypertension: High Blood Pressure Can lead to weakened and less flexible artery walls Atherosclerosis: Build-up of fatty material within the walls of arteries Can cause blockage of blood flow

Circulatory System Health Heart Attacks: When part of the heart muscle dies or is damaged Strokes: When part of the brain dies or is damaged Heart Failure: When the heart is not working efficiently Can be caused by previous heart attacks, problems with heart valves or diseases that damage the heart

Blood Lesson 3

Functions of Blood Transportation Protection Temperature Regulation Oxygen, CO2, Nutrients, Hormones, and Waste Products Protection Some blood cells fight infection Contains materials that help repair torn blood vessels and heal wounds Temperature Regulation Blood maintains a steady temperature of about 37 degrees Celsius Regulated by dilating and contracting blood vessels near the surface of your skin

Parts of Blood White Blood Cells (leukocytes) Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) Contain hemoglobin which binds Oxygen from alveoli in lungs White Blood Cells (leukocytes) Protect body from illness and infection Some attack viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites

Platelets Irregularly shaped pieces of cells that plug wounds and stop bleeding Plasma Liquid part of blood Plasma is 90% water, many molecules are dissolved in plasma

Blood Types The ABO System Type A Type B Type AB Type O A antigen on cell Type B B antigen on cell Type AB Both A & B antigens Type O No antigens

The Rh Factor A protein found on red blood cells is a chemical marker called the Rh Factor People with this protein on their blood cells are considered “Rh positive” Those without the protein are “Rh negative” If Rh positive mixes with Rh negative, clumping can result. This can be dangerous, particularly during childbirth So a person can have either A, B, AB or O blood, and they are either positive or negative for the Rh factor Example: A+ blood type: this person has red blood cells with A antigens and has the Rh factor