6.02 Recognize components of construction Interior Design 1

The basis on which a house stands, is founded, or is supported. Foundation

The supporting base or groundwork of a structure, as for a monument or wall. Also called footer. The footing is the bottom part of the foundation and is usually made of concrete and reinforced with steel (rebar). The footing forms the base of the foundation and spreads the vertical loads from building. Footing

For a slab foundation, the site is leveled off, and a trench is dug around the perimeter of the home site. Gravel is then spread across the site, and concrete is poured approximately four inches thick over wire mesh and a moisture barrier. In areas of load bearing walls, trenches need to be dug to allow for additional thickness at this location. Slab foundations have no piers or floor joists, and the concrete slab is the floor system. Slab

Framing, in construction known as light-frame construction, is a building technique based around vertical structural members, usually called studs which provide a stable frame to which interior and exterior wall coverings are attached, and covered by a roof made of horizontal ceiling joists and sloping rafters. Frame

Any girder which supports a portion of the floor and its load. Floor Girder

Any of the wood, steel, or concrete beams set parallel from wall to wall or across or abutting girders to support a floor or ceiling. Floor Joist

Boards or plywood laid on joists over which a finish floor is to be laid. Sub-floor

One of a series of slender wood or metal vertical structural members placed as supporting elements in walls and partitions. Wall Studs

A beam over a door, window or other opening. Wall Header

A horizontal member anchored to a masonry wall. Wall- Plates

Top: A plate or wall plate is a horizontal, structural member in wooden building framing. Sill/Sole: A sill plate or sole plate in construction and architecture is the bottom horizontal member of a wall or building to which vertical members are attached. Wall- Plates

One of a series of parallel beams, usually one-and-one-half to three inches in thickness, used to support ceiling and floor loads, and supported in turn by larger beams, girders, or bearing walls. Ceiling Joist

Ceiling/Roof- Rafters One of a series of structural members of a roof designed to support roof loads. The rafters of a flat roof are sometimes called roof joists. Ceiling/Roof- Rafters

If you have cathedral ceiling, roof ridge vents is the roof ventilation system of choice, but any number of roof vent systems can be generally effective. Roof vents include roof ridge vents, soffit vents, and gable vents. Each of these vents have slightly different designs themselves but can also overlap. Ceiling/Roof- Ridge

Ceiling/Roof- Roof truss/truss rafters A frame or jointed structure designed to act as a beam of long span, which each member is usually subjected to longitudinal stress only, either tension or compression.  Trusses are used to reduce the amount of wood needed in a structure, and hence the cost of a building.  Although a truss may look flimsy, a properly designed and built truss can carry a load as well as the more common joists and rafters. Ceiling/Roof- Roof truss/truss rafters

Structural Roofing- Shingles Covering of asphalt, asbestos, wood, tile, slate or other material cut to stock lengths, widths, and thickness. Structural Roofing- Shingles

Structural Roofing- Slate/Tile Very expensive, but they can enhance the architectural style of a home. They are heavy and require special roof construction to support the weight. Structural Roofing- Slate/Tile

Structural Roofing- Metal The most popular metal used for roofing is copper. Is is seldom used to cover an entire roof because it is very expensive. Copper is the most durable of all roofing material. Structural Roofing- Metal

Structural Roofing- Insulation An insulating material’s resistance to conductive heat flow is measured or rated in terms of its thermal resistance or R-value -- the higher the R-value, the greater the insulating effectiveness. The R-value depends on the type of insulation, its thickness, and its density. When calculating the R-value of a multilayered installation, add the R-values of the individual layers. Installing more insulation in your home increases the R-value and the resistance to heat flow. Structural Roofing- Insulation

Structural Roofing- Insulation Blanket is the most common and widely available type of insulation -- comes in the form of batts or rolls. It consists of flexible fibers, most commonly fiberglass. You also can find batts and rolls made from mineral (rock and slag) wool, plastic fibers, and natural fibers, such as cotton and sheep's wool. Structural Roofing- Insulation

Structural Roofing- Insulation Loose fill insulation consists of small particles of fiber, foam, or other materials. These small particles form an insulation material that can conform to any space without disturbing structures or finishes. This ability to conform makes loose-fill insulation well suited for retrofits and locations where it would be difficult to install other types of insulation. Structural Roofing- Insulation

he electrical panel is a metal electrical service box that accepts the main power to the home and distributes electrical current to the various circuits within the home. The distribution of power to the various circuits are protected from over-current by the use of circuit breakers or fuses. Electrical- Panel Box

Electrical- Receptacles/Ground Fault The most common type of receptacle is the duplex receptacle, which accommodates two plugs. Variations are the simplex (one plug), triplex (three plugs) and quad receptacles (four plugs). These types of receptacles generally have grounding terminals to accommodate three-prong plugs Electrical- Receptacles/Ground Fault

Plumbing- Water supply The residential water=supply system is the source and provider of water to residences, such as a city water main or private well. The pipe that enters the structure from the supply system is called the building main. Once it enters a building, it branches into the cold water main and the hot water main. The water may pass through a water softener, filter, or other treatment device before dividing into hot and cold water mains. Plumbing- Water supply

Plumbing- Waste Water Removal Wastewater is carried to the sanitary sewer or private septic tank through the wastewater removal system. These pipes are separate from the water-supply system. Wastewater lines are also much larger than water-supply lines to accommodate waste materials. Provisions must also be made so pipes are accessible if they become clogged. Plumbing- Waste Water Removal

Heating/Cooling- Forced Air Forced warm-air system uses a furnace, blower, and duct system to heat a house. Air is first heated in the furnace. Furnaces commonly use natural gas or electricity for fuel. Some use oil, coal, and wood, but they are not as common. As the fuel is expended, heat is produced and transmitted to the air. Heating/Cooling- Forced Air

Heating/Cooling- Radiant Heat Radiant systems use resistance wiring to produce heat in the wire. No pumps, blowers, registers, furnace, or chimney are required for this type of system. The wire is embedded in the ceiling or floor, or mounted in baseboard convectors. If the wire is located in the ceiling or floor, the entire system is hidden. Heating/Cooling- Radiant Heat

Heating/Cooling- Heat Pump The central heat-pump system uses an electric refrigeration unit to heat and cool a living space. The refrigeration unit contains a compressor, circulating fluid, and two heat exchangers. It operates by removing heat from air or water. Heating/Cooling- Heat Pump

Heating/Cooling- Portable A portable air conditioning unit contains a compressor, condenser, cooling coil, and fall all in one unit. They are usually installed in a window or wall opening designed for the unit. These systems should be well covered during the cool weather because cold air will enter the room through the unit. Heating/Cooling- Portable