Neil H. Schwartz, Ph.D. Psych 605

Conjoint Process States that verbal information and pictorial information can be kept simultaneously in working memory, and therefore makes it easier for the learner to make cross-connections between the two different types of information and aids in the later retrieval of the information (Kulhavy et al., 1993).

Integrative Process Integrative processing is most likely to occur if verbal and visual information are simultaneously available in working memory. Therefore, Schnotz and Bannert (1999) have proposed an integrative model of text and picture comprehension that gives more emphasis to representational principles.

Propositional representation Mental model Text surface representation Visual perception/ visual image Text Picture/ Diagram Verbal organization Visual organization Sub- semantic processing Perception Thematic Selection Semantic processing Analog structure-mapping Analysis of Symbol Structures Model construction Model inspection Conceptual organization

Schwartz and Collins, 2008

Recent studies have shown that among developed nations, the US ranks the highest in adolescent pregnancies, births, and abortions. To deal with this problem among our youth, many school systems have adopted one of two different forms of sex education: abstinence or safe-sex programs. A key component of abstinence-only programs are that a person with moral standards must wait until marriage to engage in sexual activity. Proponents of abstinence programs argue that waiting until marriage shows a higher moral standard and a greater respect for one's partner. Promoters for safe-sex programs argue that it is ridiculous and dangerous to expect that simply telling a teenager not to have sex will be effective. They argue that teenagers, and people in general, are naturally prone to be curious and interested in sex, and suppressing those natural instincts could cause more harm than help. Individualist Perspective Collectivist Perspective

p < 0.05 Learners reading the passage in the presence of the romantic graphic made significantly more endorsements of safe sex if they think in a more collectivist fashion than if they they think more individualistically.

Learners who think more individualistically provided significantly more evidence of physical relationships to support their position on sex education when they read the passage in the presence of the provocative graphic.

Pictures influence the of evidence people use to support a position on an issue if they are more collectivist thinkers. But, the pictures will not change the people’s pre-existing beliefs about the issue. Pictures influence the amount of evidence people use to support a position on an issue if they are more collectivist thinkers. But, the pictures will not change the people’s pre-existing beliefs about the issue. Pictures will influence the people use as evidence to support a position on an issue if they are more individualistic thinkers. Pictures will influence the type of information people use as evidence to support a position on an issue if they are more individualistic thinkers.

Hills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway The hills across the valley of the Ebro were long and white. On this side there was no shade and no trees and the station was between two lines of rails in the sun. Close against the side of the station there was the warm shadow of the building and a curtain, made of strings of bamboo beads, hung across the open door into the bar, to keep out flies. The American and the girl with him sat at a table in the shade, outside the building. It was very hot and the express from Barcelona would come in forty minutes. It stopped at this junction for two minutes and went to Madrid. 'What should we drink?' the girl asked. She had taken off her hat and put it on the table. 'It's pretty hot,' the man said. 'Let's drink beer.‘ 'Dos cervezas,' the man said into the curtain. 'Big ones?' a woman asked from the doorway. 'Yes. Two big ones.' NONE

 The narrative contained four themes: Choice Choice -- making a selection between options Male-Female Inequality Male-Female Inequality -- coercion/power inequality Consequences Consequences -- outcomes based on making a choice Ambiguity Ambiguity -- the uncertainty of relationships and circumstances  The metaphorical graphic was a visual metaphor of: ◦ Choice ◦ Male-Female Inequality

F (2, 87) =.828, p =.441 Graphic Number of Literal Level Idea Units

F (2, 87) =.828, p =.441 Graphic Number of Literal Level Idea Units

F (2, 87) = 3.46, p =.040 Time of Testing Number of Literal Level Idea Units

Type of Theme Mean Theme Value (0 – 3)

Type of Theme Mean Theme Value (0 – 3)

Time of Testing Mean Theme Value (0 – 3)

When graphics are metaphorical depictions of the theme of a text, the graphics drive what people remember about what they have read. Over time, people do not remember what they read, but they remember the graphics. People use the graphics to reconstruct the underlying message of a text, making graphics very powerful in what they remember.