What challenges might Russia face because of its location? Think about where its cities are located and what economic, social and political issues there may be.

Russian Monarchs

As we go through each slide today, take notes on what you think each monarch is most known for. Also, what are their personality traits/characteristics? Think about if they fit our list of expectations; be able to explain why or why not. I do not want you to write down every word on the slide. You should be able to summarize the information you hear. Ivan the Terrible Peter the Great Catherine the Great

Ivan the Terrible (1533-1584) Handed the throne at age 3 First Russian ruler to take the title Czar: “emperor” Boyars- Russia’s landowning nobles In competition with him for power 1547-1560 Ivan’s “good period” Added lands to Russia, gave a Russian code of law, and ruled justly.

Ivan at the deathbed of his first wife, Anastasia Romanov Ivan at the deathbed of his first wife, Anastasia Romanov. Ivan married 7 times, sometimes divorcing a wife a week after the marriage.

Ivan’s “Bad Period” Begins in 1560 after Anastasia (wife) died. Poisoned by the Boyars? Ivan’s response Secret police force Hunted down & murdered people who Ivan considered a traitor Many Boyars, their families, and peasants who work on their land were executed Takes the land and makes a new class of nobles who are loyal to him through fear.

1581 Ivan kills his oldest son during a quarrel. Ivan’s second son is mentally and physically incapable of ruling and dies a few years later with out an heir. Times of Troubles begin (1613)- - Boyars want power - Heirs of czars mysteriously die - Imposters try to claim the throne

Peter the Great Reign: 1682-1725 Last name: Romanov 10 years old when he is chosen as Czar Peter I

Peter the Great (1682-1725) Grandnephew of Anastasia was chosen by Russian leaders to be Czar. Romanov Dynasty begins (1613-1917) Russia isolated physically and culturally from Europe Studied Western technology. Worked in a shipyard Goal was to westernize Russia.

Peter the Great Peter the Great was committed to a policy of westernization in Russia. However, persuading Russians to change their way of life proved difficult. To impose his will, Peter became the most autocratic of Europe’s absolute monarchs. During his reign he: insisted that the boyars shave their beards and wear western-style clothing. used autocratic methods to push through social and economic reforms. brought all Russian institutions under his control. imposed policies which caused the spread of serfdom.

Peter the Great Westernizes Russia Russian Orthodox Church brought under state control Power of boyars reduced Recruited men from lower-ranking families and promoted them to positions of authority/gave them land Hired European officers to train Russia soldiers Changed the diet of the Russian people Started Russia’s first newspaper Raised women’s status Advanced education

Peter created the largest standing army in Europe & set out to extend Russian borders to the west and south. Peter unsuccessfully fought the Ottomans in an attempt to gain a warm-water port for Russia. -Peter engaged in a long war with Sweden, and eventually won land along the Baltic Sea. - Peter built a magnificent new capital city, St. Petersburg. - Peter hired a navigator to explore what became known as the Bering Strait between Siberia & Alaska. - Extended Russian territory – to Pacific Ocean.

Russia – Peter the Great From World History: Connections to Today Prentice Hall, 2003

Catherine the Great A number of monarchs come and go between 1725-1761 Reign: 1762-1796 Catherine the Great (tsarina, czarina) Married to Peter III She overthrows him in a coup Coup: a sudden illegal overthrow of government Peter III is sent to prison where he eventually dies Initially “open” with reforms French Revolution, rebellion at home led her to become more oppressive

Catherine the Great An efficient, energetic empress, who ruled in the tradition of absolute monarchs, Catherine: reorganized the provincial government, codified laws, & began state-sponsored education for boys & girls. embraced & encouraged Western ideas & culture. gained a warm-water port on the Black Sea. agreed to partition Poland & gained the eastern portion. granted special privileges to the boyars. allowed the boyars to increase their control of the peasants and repressed peasant rebellions.

Expansion of Russia