Macromolecules The Building Blocks of Life
Carbon Based Molecules There are four types of macromolecules. All are carbon based!!! Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids A monomer is ONE molecule that are the subunits of the macromolecule. A polymer is repeating units of monomers linked together. Macromolecules are just a large polymers!!
Carbon It is a part of all organic molecules Recall - How many electrons does carbon have? ________ These 4 outer electrons are used to covalently bond other elements.
Shapes Straight Chain Branched Molecules Ring Molecules
What are some other elements found in living organisms? CHNOPS – These are the most abundant elements found in living organisms. Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur Also SPONCH
Carbohydrates General formula for carbohydrates is (CH2O)n. 1:2:1 Ratio This means for every _1__ carbon there is _2_ hydrogen and _1__ oxygen. Main function is to provide ENERGY!!!!!
Monosaccharides Carbohydrates monomers are monosaccharides. They are the simplest sugar Consist of ONE sugar Example: Glucose_
Disaccharides TWO monosaccharides linked together Condensation Rxn – Water is formed from this rxn. Examples: Sucrose (glucose + fructose) Lactose (glucose + galactose) Maltose (glucose + glucose) Is fructose considered a mono or di saccharide?
Other Carbohydrates Glycogen – energy storage Found in liver and skeletal muscle Breaks down to make glucose to make energy Cellulose – found in the cell wall of plants Starch
LIPIDS Function - Used to store energy, protection Lipids can be found in fats, oils, and waxes Subunits or monomers of lipids Are fatty acids!!! Three Types of Lipids 1)Triglycerides 2) Phospholipids 3) Waxes
Other Examples Steroids, Hormones Ex. Cholesterol
Proteins Subunits of proteins are amino acids (A.A.) All A.A. contain C,H,N,O - Can contain other elements There are 20 different types of Amino Acids General Structure: Peptide bonds are used to link different A.A. Together. String of A.A. creates a polypeptide which will form a protein!!!
The many different functions of proteins Communication in cells Structure in cells Catalyst (Speeding up chemical reactions) Hormones Growth
Structures
Nucleic Acids Composed of C,H,N,O,P Subunits of Nucleic Acids are nucleotides All composed of a phosphate group, a base, and 5-carbon sugar. - Function is to store genetic information Information needed to make proteins Examples: DNA and RNA
DNA RNA