Guidelines for designing Windows and Forms Interface Layout and Formatting Prototype various alternatives and let users test them While you design user-interfaces think about : Consistency, labels and headings, distribution and order, fonts and colors Data Entry Text box, list box, combo box, radio buttons, check boxes Navigation and Support Controls Minimize, maximize, close, scroll bars, resize Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition RMO Windows Form Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

Guidelines for Web Browser User Interfaces Consistency Critical within websites because most sites contain a large number of pages that serve many different purposes and users The site as a whole is a single system that should support a single look and feel and should project a consistent ,appealing, and desirable image for the corporation as a whole Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) – Web page encoding standard that enables a Web site designer to specify parts of a page that will always look the same and parts that will vary by task or audience Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

Guidelines for Web Browser User Interfaces Performance Considerations The delay between clicking a hyperlink and the display of the requested page depends on : Network connection speed, amount of information transmitted, the capacity of the network ,the number of the users that are competing for the network capacity A trade-off exists between the amount of information transmitted and the time it takes for the page to refresh Page with extensive information content or with embedded programming can avoid page refreshes EX: a page containing a blank order form Designers of web-based user interfaces must perform a careful balancing ,providing embedded ‘intelligence’ within a page content to avoid refreshes but not overloading page content so as to avoid long delays when the user moves from page to page Through testing

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

Submenu content appears automatically without the need for a page refresh Page takes longer to download due to embedded menu content and related programming

Guidelines for Web Browser User Interfaces Pictures, Video, and Sound Heavy use of sound and images exacerbates the performance issues and also creates issues of compatibility Videos and high-resolution images consume large amount of network capacity Compatibility issues arise for sound and video because there are so many ways in which they can be encoded Most web browsers rely on add-on components to play sounds and to display video Unfortunately ,all plug-ins don’t work with all browsers Web site designer must carefully choose which formats and plug-ins will be used

Guidelines for Web Browser User Interfaces a plug-in is a set of software components that adds specific abilities to a larger software application. For example, plug-ins are commonly used in web browsers to play video, scan for viruses, and display new file types. Well-known plug-ins examples include Adobe Flash Player, QuickTime, and Java Applets. Users with Disabilities Assistive technologies -- software (such as text-to-speech and voice-recognition utilities) that adapts user interfaces to the special needs of persons with disabilities Designers of all user interfaces must be sensitive to the special needs of persons with disabilities

Guidelines for Handheld Devices Challenges Small screen size, small keyboards and touch screens, limited network capacity Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Guidelines for Handheld Devices Pare down the user-interfaces content to ensure readability and avoid cluttering the screen Avoid detailed textual input whenever possible Provide touch controls that are well spaced and easy to locate Speech-to-text capabilities can be used for data entry Page sizes must be limited Avoid using high-resolution images and videos User-interface developers should use the toolkits and guidelines that provided by each OS Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition Identifying System Interfaces Inputs/outputs with minimal human intervention Inputs from and outputs to other systems These are direct interfaces with other information systems, normally formatted as network messages. Highly automated inputs and outputs These are captured by devices (such as scanners) or generated by persons who start a process that proceeds without further human intervention. Inputs and outputs to external databases These can supply input to or accept output from a system. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

XML for System Interfaces Modern Electronic data interchange EDI messages are generally formatted in Extensible Markup Language (XML) Extensible Markup Language (XML) -- extension of HTML that embeds self-defining data structures within textual messages Many newer systems are using XML to provide a common system-to-system interface

Designing System Inputs The system developers must focus on three areas: Identifying the devices that will be used to enter input Identifying all systems inputs and developing a list with data content of each Determining what kinds of controls are necessary for each system input Automated input devices Primary Objective is Error Free Input Use electronic devices wherever possible Avoid human involvement as much as possible If information is already available in electronic form, use it instead of re-entering information Validate and correct information at time and location entered

Designing System Inputs Some of the more common devices used to avoid human keystroking Magnetic card strip readers, bar code readers, optical character recognition, radio frequency ID tags (RFID), touch screen, electronic pens, digitizers, speech recognition Defining the details of system inputs Use documents that developed during analysis (Sequence Diagram) to identify the incoming and outgoing messages for each use case Define these messages precisely :their transmission methods, contents, and formats

Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition Input of user interface Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Designing System Outputs This activity focus on 4 areas: Making a list of required system outputs Determining the type of each system output Specifying any necessary controls to protect the information provided in the output Designing and prototyping the output layout Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Designing System Outputs reports ,statements, and turnaround documents Report types: Detailed reports -- reports that contain specific information on business transactions Summary reports -- reports that summarize detail or recap periodic activity Exception reports -- reports that provide details or summary information about transactions or operating results that fall outside a predefined normal range of values Executive reports -- reports used by high level managers to assess overall organizational health and performance

Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition System Outputs Internal outputs -- reports or other outputs produced for use within the organization External outputs -- reports or other outputs produced for use by people outside the organization Statements, notices, stockholder reports Higher quality, color, reflect image of organization Turnaround documents -- external outputs that includes one or more parts intended to be returned with new data or information Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Electronic reports: Provide great flexibility in the organization and presentation of information Screen output could be formatted as printed report or present information in many other formats (detailed and summary sections ,some show data and graphics together, dynamically…. ) An important benefit is that it is dynamic: it can change to meet the specific needs of a user in a particular situation Ad hoc reporting capabilities : user can design their own reports An electronic report can provide links to further information one technique called drill down

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition Graphical and multimedia presentation Tools that permit data to be presented in charts and graphs have made information reporting much more friendly Today’s systems maintain massive amounts of data much more than people can review The only effective way to use this data by summarizing and presenting it in graphical form Multimedia outputs have become available Combining visual and audio output is powerful way to present information Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

External Output Example Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Internal Output Example Detailed control break report Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

Drill Down Online Report Summary and Detailed Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition Graphical Outputs Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition Summary There are two types of interfaces – user interfaces and system interfaces User interfaces involve direct user interaction with the system. System interfaces require minimal or no user interaction The design of the user interface has a long history as human computer interaction (HCI) and relies on user-centered design, which focuses early on users, evaluates designs to ensure usability, and uses iterative development Metaphors are used to think about the nature of the user interface, and they include direct manipulation, desktop, document, and dialog metaphors. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition Summary (continued) Key user interface concepts include affordance and visibility for controls Other key principles include consistency, shortcuts, feedback, dialog closure, error handling, reversal of actions, and reducing short term memory loads Use cases are organized into one or more menu hierarchies to arrange functionality for users Dialogs and storyboards are used to design the interaction for each use case based on use case flow of activates and system sequence diagrams Guidelines are available for designing for Windows, Web browsers, and Handheld devices Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition Summary (continued) System interfaces include inputs and outputs to other systems, highly automated inputs and outputs, and inputs and outputs to external databases. Designing system inputs involves identifying devices and mechanisms, identifying inputs and the data content, and determining the controls necessary Designing system outputs includes designing detailed reports, summary report, exception reports, and executive reports Outputs are also classified as internal, external, or turnaround Electronic reports and other outputs can include drill down, graphics, and multimedia Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.