Science, Medicine & Romanticism HRHS World History Mr. Snell

SCIENCE! Charles Darwin published his theories “On the Origin of Species.” Natural Selection – Survival of the fittest. Species evolve over time, to improve survival chances which became his theory of evolution.

Chemistry John Dalton develops atomic theory in 1803. In 1871, Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleyev arranged the elements into the periodic table. 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie discovered polonium and radium. Also came up with the process of radioactivity.

Mendeleyev’s Periodic Table

Modern Periodic Table

Physics Albert Einstein revolutionizes physics. Mathematical genius E=mc^2

Medical Breakthroughs Preventing Disease and Improving Medical Care were priorities. Louis Pasteur discovered bacteria in the air. Found that heating liquids and foods will kill bacteria and became known as pasteurization. Today, most milk, cheese, and juice undergo this process. He also developed a vaccine for rabies in 1885.

New Stuff Anesthetic - Ether gas was used to reduce pain and in large doses, make the patient unconscious. First painless surgery in 1842. People still died from infection. Joseph Lister, in the 1860s, began use of antiseptics, or germ killing agents, to clean wounds.

More Modern Hospitals Nurses Nursing Schools Medical Professionals Major decline in infant mortality.

Psychology New focus on the mind and human behavior in society. Ivan Pavlov – The Conditional Reflex Sigmund Freud – Hypnotism, Dream Study Sociology, Anthropology, and other social sciences develop.

Daily Life in the 1800s Cities undergo urbanization. The growth in the proportion of people living in towns and cities. Rise of Skyscraper in 1883.

Changes in the Arts Romanticism – Emphasis on imagination and feeling, and a reaction to Enlightenment rationalism. Characteristics: love of nature, deep emotions, individual value, affection, imagination.

Romantic Music Music, like painting could release emotion Built on traditions of 18th century masters

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827 Bridged classical and romantic periods Son of an alcoholic court musician Earned patronage of Viennese nobles Before losing his hearing learned classical musical structures

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827 Romanticist because “he withdraws increasingly within himself…..reveals only his subjective thoughts and pays heed to nothing but his own inspiration

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827 Very dramatic composer Often knocked down candles during performance Music helped popularize the piano Enjoyed wealth and fame (unlike Mozart)

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827 Age 32 realized deafness was incurable Contemplated suicide But continued to compose Music searched for unity and peace Personal emotions

The middle class Loved classical music Attended by musically educated listeners Private concerts took place in middle class homes Piano playing became common Children received music lessons

Realism Developed in response to Romanticism. Details everyday life. Charles Dickens writes “Hard Times” -Struggle of London’s Poor. Leo Tolstoy writes “War and Peace” -War is chaos and horrible.

Impressionism Introduced by 1860s French painters. Desire to capture scenes using light, vivid color, and motion, rather than just realistic details.

Goals Characteristics Major Figures Romanticism Against Enlightenment emphasis on reason Glorified nature Sought to excite strong emotions Romantic hero in literature Classical forms with stirring range of sounds in music Power and beauty of nature in art Lord Byron Wordsworth Goethe Bronte Dumas Beethoven Chopin Turner Delacroix Realism Showed world as it is Sought to improve lives of those depicted Focused work on harsh side of life in cities and villages Focused on ordinary objects Dickens Hugo Zola Ibsen Courbet Eakins Impressionism Reaction to photography Captured first impression of a scene or object Used bold brush strokes Didn’t blend colors Monet Degas

Clustering Cluster today’s notes or any information that helps you attribute or identify. Center-Most Bubble is titled Lesson. Arts Today Medicine