Promoting a culture of preprinting in the life sciences Jessica Polka Director, ASAPbio Visiting Scholar, Whitehead Institute @jessicapolka | #ASAPbio | @ASAPbio_ @ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka

Science is collaborative and competitive Photo by calafellvalo Photo by George Makris Speed benefits both science and scientists

Publishing is taking longer than ever Publishing is tied to evaluation Time to first author paper Ron Vale – bioRxiv & PNAS 2015 http://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2015/07/11/022368 @ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka

@ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka Preprints are manuscripts shared online before the completion of journal-organized peer review. @ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka

Preprints are widespread in other disciplines Founded in 1991 >100,000 preprints posted per year* *https://arxiv.org/help/stats/2016_by_area/index @ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka

@ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka Traditional publishing can hide work for months or years Peer reviewed paper Months to years Community feedback, ideas, discussion Public Private Journal 1 Journal 2 Journal 3 Submit Manuscript Peer Review Revise Revise @ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka Emojis by Mozilla (CC BY 4.0)

@ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka Preprints make work available almost immediately Preprint server Peer reviewed paper Months to years <48 hrs screening process Community feedback, ideas, discussion Public Private Journal 1 Journal 2 Journal 3 Submit Manuscript Peer Review Revise Revise @ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka Emojis by Mozilla (CC BY 4.0)

@ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka Preprints are… Permanent Versioned Citable @ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka

@ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka A biologist-driven non-profit working to make life sciences communication faster & more transparent @ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka

Preprinting is growing rapidly in the life sciences @ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka Jordan Anaya of prepubmed.org

@ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka

@ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka Funders encouraging preprints as evidence of productivity in grant applications & reports Current list and links to policies at asapbio.org/funder-policies @ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka

BioRxiv preprints have been published in… As of December 2016 journal frequency unpublished 4918 PLOS ONE 157 Bioinformatics 120 Scientific Reports 103 eLife 97 Genetics 91 PLOS Genetics 73 PNAS 70 PLOS Comp Biology 69 G3 66 Nucleic Acids Research 55 Genome Research 46 BMC Genomics 44 Mol Bio and Evolution 38 BMC Bioinformatics 34 Molecular Ecology 27 Nature Genetics 27 NeuroImage 25 PeerJ 24 Evolution 23 Genome Bio and Evolution 23 Nature Methods 21 Am J of Human Genetics 20 Systematic Biology 20 F1000Research 18 Cell Reports 17 J of the Royal Soc Interface 16 J of Theoretical Biology 16 PLOS Neg Trop Diseases 16 Genome Medicine 15 Biology Open 14 Frontiers in Microbiology 14 GigaScience 14 ACS Synthetic Biology 13 Biophysical Journal 13 Journal of Neuroscience 13 Mol Biology Of The Cell 13 Molecular Ecology Res 13 Nature 13 Nature Neuroscience 13 Molecular Bio And Evolution 12 PLOS Biology 12 Proceedings B 12 Science 12 Development 11 …… https://github.com/MWSchmid/crawlBiorxiv/blob/master/journalCounts.csv #ASAPbio

Preprint servers as a marketplace for editors @ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka

Preprint servers as a marketplace for editors academickarma.org/unsubmitted @ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka

Preprint servers as a marketplace for editors “we now have a dedicated team of editors who will focus on identifying [preprints] that are potentially suitable for publication in PLOS Genetics.” * * Bringing PLOS Genetics Editors to Preprint Servers Gregory S. Barsh, Casey M. Bergman, Christopher D. Brown, Nadia D. Singh, Gregory P. Copenhaver Published: December 1, 2016 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006448 @ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka

@ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka But… @ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka

Preprint adoption in perspective Challenge: increasing productive* adoption *adhering to best practices, positive effect on science PubMed: ~100,000 articles/month All life sciences preprints: ~1,500/month @ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka

The cycle of cultural change Cultural Capital (values/beliefs) “What’s a preprint?” “No one I know preprints” Behavioral intention Behavioral norm “Preprints are dangerous” Behavior Behavioral drivers Behavioral path Adapted from Knott, Muers, Aldridge, 2008. Achieving Culture Change: A Policy Framework. UK Cabinet Office Strategy Unit. @ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka

Promoting preprint awareness through peers Asapbio.org/stickers asapbio.org/asapbio-ambassadors @ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka

Preprint journal clubs Meaningful exercise: send feedback to authors to improve their paper Teach students how to write a review  Prachee Avasthi at the University of Kansas Medical Center draws material for her “Analysis of Scientific Papers” course exclusively from preprint servers. She’s generously shared her syllabus and introductory slide deck, and the students’ reviews can be found on the Winnower. https://www.authorea.com/users/8850/articles/198235-welcome-to-prereview https://www.prereview.org/ asapbio.org/10-ways preprintjc.org @ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka

The cycle of cultural change Cultural Capital (values/beliefs) “What’s a preprint?” “No one I know preprints” Behavioral intention Behavioral norm Fear of being scooped “Preprints are dangerous” Behavior No recognition by funders & universities Behavioral drivers Objection from advisors/coauthors Choosing/ complying with policy “Will journals allow preprints?” Behavioral path Adapted from Knott, Muers, Aldridge, 2008. Achieving Culture Change: A Policy Framework. UK Cabinet Office Strategy Unit. @ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka

@ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka Current policies vary Elsevier: “anywhere at any time” Wiley: “non-commercial servers” Nature: “community preprint servers such as arXiv and bioRxiv” NIH: Content is findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable. Interim product metadata, including usage statistics, are open, and easy to access by machines and people (e.g. via application program interfaces). Content is easy to use by machines and people. This access is both a function of permission (e.g. use of Creative Commons licenses) and technology (e.g. application program interfaces). Policies about plagiarism, competing interests, misconduct and other hallmarks of reputable scholarly publishing are rigorous and transparent. Records of changes to the product are maintained, and users have clear ways to cite different versions of the product. Links to the published version, if available. A robust archiving strategy that ensures long-term preservation and access. @ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka

How should preprints be licensed? Language removed as of August 2017 “Creative Commons licenses are not compatible with the [PNAS] License to Publish. Authors are requested to select the “no reuse” distribution/reuse option.”  “To maximize the impact of an interim research product, the NIH strongly encourages awardees to select a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license or dedicate their work to the public domain.  ” We have established a task force on licensing ASAPbio.org/licensing https://www.nature.com/news/biologists-debate-how-to-license-preprints-1.22161 #ASAPbio

Promoting best practices Access Licensing Pay & registration walls Assistive technology Machines Preservation Metadata & links to versions/records Screening & moderation policies Scope Pre-screening Removal @ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka

@ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka Thank you! asapbio.org @ASAPbio_ #ASAPbio Jessica.polka@asapbio.org @jessicapolka ASAPbio board Ron Vale (Founder/President) Cynthia Wolberger Jaime Fraser Harold Varmus Daniel Colon-Ramos Tony Hyman Harlan Krumholz Dick Wilder (non-voting) @ASAPbio_ | #ASAPbio | @jessicapolka