VII. 1 VII. Effects Of Transportation Structures On Fluvial Systems A.Riverine Systems 1.Analytical Tools to Evaluate Impacts 2.Single Channel 3.Braided 4.Meandering B.Non-Riverine Systems 1.Alluvial Fans/Distributary Flow 2.Sheet Flow 3.At-Grade Crossings C.Recommended Best Management Practices

VII. 2 VII. Effects Of Transportation Structures On Fluvial Systems A.Riverine Systems 1.Analytical Tools to Evaluation Roadway Impacts: Sediment Transport Function Qs = W n 1.77 V 4.32 G 0.45 Y -0.3 D Lane’s Relation: Q S  Q S D 50 Manning’s Equation V (A) = 1.49 n -1 R 0.67 S 0.5 (W * d)

VII. 3 VII. Effects Of Transportation Structures On Fluvial Systems A.Riverine Systems 2.Single Channel Streams Lateral Impacts Narrow the Floodplain or Channel Widen the Channel Prevent Channel Movement Vertical Impacts Base Level Adjustments (+/-) Analysis Increase V & D or decrease upstream Decrease V & D Decrease Q s Change Slope (+/-)

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VII. 6 VII. Effects Of Transportation Structures On Fluvial Systems A.Riverine Systems 3.Braided Channels Lateral Impacts Narrow/Widen Channel Cut Off Braids Concentrate Flow Obstruction Vertical Impacts Base Level Adjustments (+/-) Analysis Same as single channel Increase Q, V & D Increase Q s Upstream impacts Same as single channel

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VII. 10 VII. Effects Of Transportation Structures On Fluvial Systems A.Riverine Systems 4.Meandering Streams Lateral Impacts Prevents Natural Channel Migration Analysis Roadway approach Channel training

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VII. 12 VII. Effects Of Transportation Structures On Fluvial Systems B.Non-Riverine Systems 1.Alluvial Fan Impacts Limit Channel Movement Upstream Channel Location Crossing Alignment Vertical Impacts Long-Term Aggradation Analysis Shift fan location Discharge changes Cross above apex or below avulsions Maintenance Induce degradation

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VII. 14 VII. Effects Of Transportation Structures On Fluvial Systems B.Non-Riverine Systems 2.Sheet Flow Areas: Culverts Concentrate Flow Perpendicular Alignment Identify Flow Paths Vertical Impacts Invert Elevation Analysis Induce degradation Downstream and upstream damages Roadways become drainage paths Too low - headcut

VII. 15 VII. Effects Of Transportation Structures On Fluvial Systems B.Non-Riverine Systems 3.At-Grade Crossings Paved Wide and Flat Widen or Narrow Channel Analysis Lower n, Increase V Decrease S Downstream drop Same as single channel

VII. 16 VII. Effects Of Transportation Structures On Fluvial Systems C.Recommended Best Management Practices 1.Don’t obstruct or narrow main channel 2.Mimic bankfull width and depth 3.Relief culverts 4.Match natural grade 5.Energy dissipation 6.Inspection, maintenance and documentation