Question of the Day What can maps tell us? When you last used a map outside of school, what type of map did you use? 31

Road Map Tripinfo.com

Map Model that represents Earth’s surface on a 2-dimensional surface.

Topographic Map Elevation: Height above sea level

Compass Rose Geographic Directions Thornwood, NY Newark, NJ

ESRT map p. 3 From Syracuse, what direction is: Niagara Falls Utica Binghamton Oswego

Map Legend Key to map symbols

Map Scale Ratio of distance between 2 places on a map & actual distance on Earth

Map Scale 3 Types Bar Scale Verbal Scale 1 inch = 25 miles Fractional Scale 1:16,000

What kind of scale is on ESRT map p. 2? Bar scale

How to Determine Length on Maps

Mark length of lake on clean sheet of paper

Hold marked paper along scale. Read scale.

ESRT Map Questions How long (in km) is Long Island at its longest? What direction is Binghamton from Ithaca? 3. What lake is between NY & Vermont? 4. What Mt. is near source of the Hudson River? 5. What city is located at 40 º 47' N, 73º 57 ' W? 6. What is the elevation of Lake Erie? 7. What is the bedrock in the Manhattan Prong? (HINT: You’ll need 2 maps for # 7 & # 8) 8. What Adirondack Mountain is shown?

ESRT Map Questions 1. 180 km 2. SE 3. Lake Champlain 4. Mt. Marcy 5. New York City 6. 175 m 7. Cambrian and Ordovician 8. Mt. Marcy

ESRT maps p. 2 & 3 What landscape region: 1) Do we live in? 2) Is Long Island? 3) Is Mt. Marcy? 4) Is Slide Mt.? 5) Are the Finger Lakes? 1) Manhattan Prong 2) Atlantic Coastal Plain 3) Adirondacks 4) Catskills 5) Allegheny Plateau

What can a field map tell us? Question of the Day What can a field map tell us? Draw a map of your kitchen. Imagine smelling chicken soup cooking on the stove. On your map, indicate the strength of the smell vs. distance from stove: Strong, Medium, Mild 32

Field Measurable aspect of environment Ex.: Smell of soup Temperature Elevation

Isoline Line connecting points of equal value

Isolines Isotherms equal temperature Isobars equal barometric (air) pressure Contour lines equal elevation

Gradient How quickly a value changes from 1 point to another. ESRT p. 1

Question 1 Gradient = Change in field value Distance Temperature in town is 20º C. But 10 km west at the river it’s 15º C. What is the temperature gradient between the 2 points? .5º C/km

Gradient = Change in field value Distance Question 2 Gradient = Change in field value Distance Elevation of Pt. A is 200 ft. Ten miles away, Pt. B has an elevation of 600 ft. What’s gradient between A and B? 1) 4 ft./mile 2) 40 ft./mile 3) 20 ft./mile 4) 60 ft./mile

Solid air pollutants above a coal-fired, electric-generating plant

The formula for gradient is … Question The formula for gradient is … 1) Distance Field Value 2) Distance Change in Field Value 3) Change in Field Value Distance 4) Field Value Distance

How can we construct a contour map using isolines? Question of the Day How can we construct a contour map using isolines? In what way is classification used on a contour map? 33

Isoline Connects points of equal value.

Rules for Drawing Isolines: 1. Connect points of equal value. * 5 *5 * 10 * 10 * 10 * 10 * 15 * 15

2. Isolines are gentle, curving lines. No sharp corners. * 5 * 5 * 10 * 10 * 10 * 10 * 15 * 15

3. Isolines are always closed curves (even though map might only show part of it).

4. Isolines NEVER cross. This would mean that 1 point has 2 different values. Ex: one spot has 2 temperatures? 60 ° 50 ° 40 ° 30 ° X 20° Z Y

5. Isolines usually are parallel. (They have a parallel trend.)

Gradient How quickly the value changes from 1 point to another. ESRT p. 1

A steep (high) gradient changes quickly. Isolines: close together. A gentle (low) gradient changes slowly. Isolines: far apart. Steep area Gentle area

Highlight data points.

Fill in gaps in data.

Connect the dots.

Go on to the next value.

In what way is classification used on a contour map? Equal elevations are grouped together by isolines.

What can topographic maps tell us? Question of the Day What can topographic maps tell us? Warm-Up What is an isoline? What are 3 types of isolines? 34

Topographic Maps Shows topographic features (mts., valleys) using relief - HIGH & low elevation Uses CONTOUR LINES!

CONTOUR LINES Isoline of ELEVATION Height above sea level Connect points of SAME elevation Always form loops or extend to edge Have set contour interval ex: every 10 ft. Index Contours: Labeled elevation lines  ALWAYS EVEN INTERVALS!

CONTOUR LINES Every line = 40 feet, so… 2200 ' + 40' =  2240 ' Then continue up by 40' for each line! 2800 2600 2400

Try It Out! What is the Contour Interval? = 20 ft. What is elevation at each point? X(a) = X(b) = X(c) = 540 ft. 580 ft. < 620 ft.

SLOPE GRADIENT = Change in Field Value Distance Slope (steepness)  distance b/w 2 contour lines

Contour lines CLOSE = Steep Gradient  Cliffs, Steep Hills, Mountains Slope Contour lines CLOSE = Steep Gradient  Cliffs, Steep Hills, Mountains Contour lines FAR APART = Gentle Gradient  Plains, Fields, Gentle Hills

Closer the Lines = Steeper the Slope!

Red Line = 0.5 mi. What is slope along Red line? = 160' per 0.5 mi. or = 320' ft./mi.

C. Interval = 20 ft. A = 120 B = 180 C = ~190 x b x a

Hills Highest Elevation in CENTER (Top) As elevation gets higher, “loops” get smaller

Depressions Teeth or hatch marks show elevation goes down, “loops” get smaller Rim is always SAME elevation as last contour

River Valleys Appear as a “V” Point of “V” always points upstream River flows out of open ends of “V”… or downhill!

Trick to Find Highs & Lows Low Elevations High Elevations

Question of the Day How can we make a contour map come alive? If you’re walking on the trail from Westlake High School to the Rose Hill Shopping Center, are you walking downhill or uphill? Is the gradient (slope) steep or gentle? 35

A contour map shows this feature: Which 1 of the 7 profiles (side views) on the right matches? 36

Topographic Profiles Cross-sectional view along a line drawn through part of a map. Slice through part of Earth, pull away half, and look at it from the side.

1. Draw profile line. Get paper.

2. Mark all contour lines with elevation #s that cross paper

3. Graph elevations from paper

3 Steps to Make a Profile 1. Draw profile line. Get paper. 2. Mark on paper where all contour lines cross. Label every mark with elevation. 3. Plot elevations on graph. Connect the dots! Remember: No flat tops or bottoms.