The Reformation SOL WHII.3

Focus – Identify 1. German metalworker; invented printing press. 2. Began the Anglican Church; defeated Spanish Armada in 1588 3. French lawyer who expanded Protestant Reformation and argued for predestination. 4. German monk who protested the sale of indulgences and posted 95 theses in 1517. 5. English king who broke with the Catholic Church in order to divorce his wife. 6. Christian humanist; wrote The Praise of Folly.

Effects of the Reformation 1. How did the Reformation affect individual countries? England? – Review France? Germany – Again 2. How did the Catholic Church respond to the Reformation, and how effective? 3. What were the overall effects on society, politics, and the economy?

Reformation in France Calvinism gains a following amongst the wealthy French nobles (Huguenots) Remember – Calvin was French; actively tried to spread Monarchy and most of common people remain Catholic Initial tolerance up till 1547 until Protestants started denouncing Catholic Mass in placards Civil wars 1550s and 1560s

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572 Takes place 5 days after king’s sister’s marriage to Henry of Navarre (Protestant future king) All the Huguenots were gathered in Paris… Failed assassination of prominent Protestant noble fears of Huguenot revenge Assassination of prominent nobles Catholic mob violence: 5,000 to 30,000 killed Monarchy didn’t order, but failed to stop Turning point in France – cripples further Huguenot gains, but turns Protestants further away from Catholicism

Edict of Nantes 1598 – Henry IV granted Huguenots freedom of worship Same Henry who’s marriage massacre Closet Protestant “Paris is worth a mass” Later revoked by Henry’s grandson, Louis XIV in 1685 – expulsion of up to 400,000 Huguenots Some came to America seeking religious freedom

The Thirty Years War: Background North: Princes had converted to Protestantism, ending papal authority in their states Hapsburg family remained Catholic Ruled Spain AND the Holy Roman Empire 1618 – attempt to reestablish Catholicism Protestant rebellion

The Thirty Years War: The Sides Holy Roman Empire (Catholic and Habsburg) v. Protestant princes + anti-Catholic powers of Sweden and the United Netherlands Parallel struggle between Catholic France and Habsburg family, who had been attempting to construct an anti-French alliance

Cardinal Richelieu Chief advisor to Louis XIII, but he really ran the show (considered first Prime Minister) Despite being a Catholic clergyman and anti-Protestant at home, he saw Hapsburgs as bigger threat Changed focus of 30 Years War from religious to political

The bottom line… What started out religious quickly became a political great power struggle Very complicated web of competing interests

Harsh Treatment Germany suffered Many of the contending armies were mercenaries who could not collect their pay Took from the countryside for supplies (“wolf-strategy”) Armies of both sides plundered as they marched, leaving cities, towns, villages, and farms ravaged.

Marauding Soldiers during 30 Years War

Results Peace of Westphalia in 1648 Radically altered balance of power in Europe Spain lost the Netherlands and dominant position in western Europe France was now the chief Western power Protestant Sweden had control of the Baltic The United Netherlands was recognized as an independent republic. Member states of the HRE granted full sovereignty

Big Picture Protestant Reformation here to stay “The ancient notion of a Roman Catholic empire of Europe, headed spiritually by a pope and temporally by an emperor, was permanently abandoned, and the essential structure of modern Europe as a community of sovereign states was established.” Encyclopedia Britannica

Europe after the 30 Years War

Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation) Council of Trent, 1545—1563 Met to address Protestant Reformation and clarify Church doctrine reaffirmed most Church Doctrine (salvation by faith and works) and practices End sale of indulgences Establish seminaries for priests

Society of Jesus “Jesuits” Founder: St. Ignatius of Loyola Slowed spread of Reformation and reclaimed some places (Poland) Spread Catholic doctrine around the world Japan, China, Americas Model of education Organized along military lines – obedience and discipline

Spanish Inquisition 1478- 1834 Trial of those accused of heresy originally to ensure faith of converts from Judaism and Islam after Reconquista 125,000 investigated 2,250 executed (1.8%) 90% of sentences were penances

Role of the printing press Growth of literacy was stimulated by the Gutenberg printing press. Bible printed in English, French, and German spread ideas of the Reformation and Renaissance

Long-term Effects Individualism Secularism Eventual Tolerance Decline in authority gives individual more autonomy Loss of community responsibility Will eventually facilitate industrial capitalism Secularism Declining importance of religion, and more diversity, so separate from other areas of life Eventual Tolerance After 150 years of bloodshed, Catholics and Protestants got tired of fighting each other, “live and let live” Also a result of growing secularism (religion matters less, thus so do religious differences)

Effects of the Reformation 1. How did the Reformation affect individual countries? England (review)? Germany? France? 2. How did the Catholic Church respond to the Reformation, and how effective? 3. What were the overall effects on society, politics, and the economy?