Animal tissues and Organ systems Chapter 28

How are animal bodies organized? Vertebrate: an animal of a large group distinguished by the possession of a _____________ or _______________, including mammals, birds, ___________, amphibians, and fishes The plural of fish is usually fish, but fishes has a few uses. In biology, for instance, fishes is used to refer to multiple species of fish.

Levels of organization A Cell (muscle cells) B _________ (cardiac muscle) C ______ (heart) D _______________ (circulatory system) E Organism (human)

Terminology: Organ: 2/more tissues, ______________________ Organ system: 2/more ___________ and other components perform a ______________

Levels of organization Cells are organized into __________. 4 types of tissue: Epithelial tissue: _______________________________ ____________________________________ Connective tissue: _____________________________ _____________________________________ Muscle tissue: _________________________________ Nervous tissue: _______________________________ _________________________________

An internal environment An animal body consists mainly of ______ with dissolved salts, proteins, and other solutes. Most of this fluid resides inside cells (_______________________________: ICF) The rest is __________________(ECF): internal environment in which body cells live In vertebrates, extracellular fluid consists mainly of interstitial fluid (IF), __________________________ Plasma, ______________________________

What factors constrain animal body plans? Size: nutrients need to reach every cell – _________________________ Habitat (water/land) – _______________________________ Body framework – ________________________________

What is epithelial tissue

General characteristics Epithelial tissue: sheet like tissue consisting of tightly packed cells One surface of an epithelium faces the environment or some body fluid The opposite surface is glued to an underlying tissue by a ___________________________ _______________________________________________ Tight junctions join plasma membranes of adjacent cells __________________________________________

Types of epithelial tissue

Types of epithelial tissue Different types of epithelia differ in thickness and cell shapes A simple epithelium is one cell thick, whereas stratified epithelium has multiple cell layers Cells in squamous epithelium are ___________or scale like Cells of cuboidal epithelium are ___________________ Cells in columnar epithelium are _____________ Cells of cuboidal and columnar epithelium function in _____________and ________________ Microvilli: thin projections from the plasma membrane of some epithelial cells; _____________________________

What are connective tissues?

General characteristics Connective tissues: consist of cells scattered within an extracellular matrix of their own secretions Unspecialized connective tissue: __________________ Specialized connective tissue: ____________________ ____________________________________________

Types of connective tissue

What are muscle tissues? Cells that contract (shorten) in response to stimulation

Skeletal muscle ________________________________________

Cardiac muscle Signals make all cells in cardiac muscle contract _____________________________

Smooth muscle Contracts more slowly, ________________________ Propels material through _________ Alters blood vessel ________________ Adjust amount of light entering the ________

What are nervous tissues?

Nervous tissue Allows an animal to collect and integrate information about its internal and external environment Controls the activity of glands and muscles Main tissue of the vertebrate brain and spinal cord, and of the nerves that extend through the body

signal-receiving extensions Neurons cell body of neuron Cells that transmit electrical signals along their plasma membrane and send chemical messages to other cells Central cell body: ____________________ ____________________ Cytoplasmic extensions project from the cell body; ______________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ signal-sending extension neuroglial cell wrapped around a signal-sending cytoplasmic extension of the neuron

Where are vertebrate organs and how do they interact?

Organs and organ systems

Organs and organ systems

Organs and organ systems

Organs and organ systems Cavity: ________________ ______________________ _____________________

How does skin structure affects its function? _________________________________ Barrier between _______& _______environment Sensory receptors in skin informs brain of ________________________ Functions in ____________control Site of _____________ production Helps prevent _________________

Components of human skin

Components of human skin Epidermis: stratified squamous epithelium with an abundance of adhering junctions Human epidermis consists mainly of keratinocytes that make the ________________protein ____________ Skin grows ____________________________ Outermost layer is dead cells that help ______________________________________ Deepest layer contains melanocytes: makes melanin which ____________________________ Two types: brown – ___________& red to ____________

Components of human skin Dermis: Consists primarily of dense connective tissue with stretch-resistant elastin fibers and supportive collagen fibers Blood vessels, lymph vessels, and sensory receptors weave through the dermis Thicker than epidermis Hypodermis: ___________________and ___________________tissue

Sun and the skin Melanin protects the skin against ___________ ____________make more brown-black melanin when exposed to sun (“tan”) Some UV exposure is a good thing; it stimulates skin to produce a molecule that the body converts to ___________________ Dark skin provides more ____________________ Melanoma (skin cancer): _____________________ _________________________________________

Cultured skin products Skin is the only organ that is grown artificially for widespread medical uses Cells from infant foreskins are grown in culture to produce thin sheets of cells that can be used to cover _________, _____________, or ______________ Cultured skin does not include __________, ________________, __________________etc.

How do organ systems interact in homeostasis?

Homeostasis _________________________________________ _________________________________________ In vertebrates, homeostasis involves interactions among sensory receptors, the brain, and muscles and glands Sensory receptor: responds to a specific ____________ (e.g., temperature or light) Negative feedback mechanism: change causes a response that _______________________