Why live in a danger zone? Lesson Objectives: To examine the reasons why people continue to live in areas at risk from hazardous events.

Introduction It has been estimated that over a billion people now live in areas likely to be affected by earthquakes, storms and volcanic eruptions. In some places, like Mexico City, Tokyo and San Francisco it is actually increasing despite the knowledge that another earthquake will inevitably happen. The slopes of active volcanoes such as Mt Pinatubo and Mt Etna are well populated despite the obvious dangers of such locations.

Why live in a danger zone? Good Soil Over a long period of time, volcanic rocks break down to form some of the most fertile soils on Earth. On Mount Etna, where grapes and other fruits are grown, yields are five times higher than the national average. Tourism Tourists are attracted to volcanic areas to watch eruptions, see geysers, relaxing hot springs or have mud or sand baths. Tourism provides jobs and brings money into these areas. Why live in a danger zone? Geothermal energy Heat from the earth can be used to generate electricity. This power station in Iceland also supplies hot spring water for the local spa resort. Geothermal heat warms more than 70 per cent of homes in Iceland. Valuable raw materials Gold, silver, copper lead and many other useful minerals are found in the remains of extinct volcanoes. This town in Chile suffers earthquakes every day, yet a nearby mine is still one of the worlds biggest producers of copper.

Why live in a high risk area? Fertile soils Poverty Building design Precious minerals Why live in a high risk area? Traditional culture/beliefs tourism Geothermal energy Lack of education/unaware Education/drills

Creating a mind map

Managing and mitigating the impacts of hazard events – continued. Lesson Objective: To understand what is meant by the mitigation of hazard events and to know how it is managed.

What does mitigation mean? ‘to reduce the effects of something’

Steps taken in managing a hazard event Knowing the probability of a hazard event occurring i.e. how close to plate boundary. Using a monitoring system that might help to warn of event occurring Finding ways of reducing the possible impacts during the event. Responding to the hazard to avoid further impacts. Evaluating the recovery procedure, so improvements can be made for next time

PREDICTION: Can earthquakes, volcanoes and tropical storms be predicted? ANSWER: Yes, to some extent. Although it is very difficult to accurately predict hazard events. Some hazards are easier to predict than others. Prediction Method Type of Hazard How successful?

PREPARATION: - Hurricanes Give 3 things that can be done to prepare houses for hurricanes What are cyclone shelters? Explain how people can be educated to prepare for tropical storms. How can local authorities help to prepare people for a hurricane? https://youtu.be/QIqAatkz36A

PREPARATION: - Earthquakes Homework: use the internet to research how buildings can be designed to withstand the impacts of an earthquake, look at Japan as a case study

Preparing for earthquakes Building design: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sxpi9A7_syE&feature=youtu.be https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZH7yaQGDoSU&feature=youtu.be

Managing the response to a natural disaster – Pinatubo in the Philippines LO – To understand the different time scales during the response to a natural disaster Immediate Medium term Long term/ appraisal

Topic test Types of hazard Distribution of volcanoes/earthquakes Plate boundaries and cause of tectonic hazards Characteristics of earthquakes and volcanoes Distribution/cause tropical storms Case study of two tropical storms Case study of volcano/earthquake Why people live in hazardous areas The management of hazards, prediction, preparation, response with case study examples of each Consequences of flooding