China and the World 500 - 1300 AP World History Notes

China after the Han Dynasty Political disunity following the collapse of the Han dynasty During this time, many Chinese people began to migrate south Partly a natural migration Partly due to the nomads from the north creeping in Result = by 1000 CE, about 60% of China’s population was in southern China Result = the Chinese destroyed forests and land in southern China as they brought their intense agriculture with them

The Reunification of China China regained its unity under the Sui dynasty (589-618) Reunified China with the construction of the Grand Canal Short-lived dynasty Ruthless emperors = unpopular Failed attempt to conquer Korea  wasted resources and upset people Sui dynasty = overthrown

Sui Dynasty, 581-618 C.E. “Land Equalization” System –> land redistribution Unified coinage Established army of professional soldiers People were overworked and overtaxed! The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family. Founded the Imperial University Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system) Soldiers dropped to lowest status. Confucianists at work; Daoists at home. The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake! Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported. Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.

The Grand Canal

The Reunification of China Sui dynasty was followed by: the Tang dynasty (618-907) and the Song dynasty (960-1279) Both used the same state structure: Centralized government 6 major departments = personnel, finance, rites, army, justice, and public works Censorate = agency that watched over the rest of government to make sure everything ran smoothly Government officials chosen based on a revived Confucian-based examination system

Tang and Song Dynasties

Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E. High point of Chinese history Imperial examination system perfected Liberal attitude towards all religions Spread of Buddhism in China Golden Age of foreign relations with other countries Japan, Korea, Persia The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family. Founded the Imperial University Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system) Soldiers dropped to lowest status. Confucianists at work; Daoists at home. The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake! Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported. Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.

Tang Gov’t. Organization The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family. Founded the Imperial University Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system) Soldiers dropped to lowest status. Confucianists at work; Daoists at home. The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake! Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported. Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.

Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E. New technologies: More cosmopolitan culture Printing --> moveable print Porcelain Gunpowder Mechanical clocks More cosmopolitan culture Reestablished safety of Silk Road Tea came into China from Southeast Asia The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family. Founded the Imperial University Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system) Soldiers dropped to lowest status. Confucianists at work; Daoists at home. The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake! Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported. Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.

Empress Wu Zetian, 624-705 Only Chinese Empress to rule alone Searched for outstanding individuals to attract to her court Constructed new irrigation systems Buddhism was favored state religion Financed building of many Buddhist temples BUT… She appointed cruel and sadistic ministers to seek out her enemies The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family. Founded the Imperial University Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system) Soldiers dropped to lowest status. Confucianists at work; Daoists at home. The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake! Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported. Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.

End of Tang Dynasty Causes of decline Misrule Court intrigues Economic exploitation Rebellions Made it possible for northern invaders to defeat them Next 50 years saw fragmentation of China Five northern dynasties Ten southern kingdoms The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family. Founded the Imperial University Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system) Soldiers dropped to lowest status. Confucianists at work; Daoists at home. The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake! Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported. Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.

Song [Sung] Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E. Creation of urban, merchant middle class Neo-Confucianists wanted to purify Confucianism Increased emphasis on education & cheaper availability of printed books Magnetic compass made China great sea power! The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family. Founded the Imperial University Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system) Soldiers dropped to lowest status. Confucianists at work; Daoists at home. The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake! Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported. Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.

Confucian Inspired Sayings "Women are to be led and to follow others.“ "A woman ruler is like a hen crowing.“ "Woman's greatest duty is to produce a son." The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family. Founded the Imperial University Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system) Soldiers dropped to lowest status. Confucianists at work; Daoists at home. The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake! Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported. Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.

Confucian Inspired Sayings "We should not be too familiar with the lower orders or with women." "The woman with no talent is the one who has merit.“ "Those who cannot be taught, cannot be instructed. These are women and eunuchs." The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family. Founded the Imperial University Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system) Soldiers dropped to lowest status. Confucianists at work; Daoists at home. The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake! Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported. Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.

Confucian Inspired Sayings "A husband can marry twice, but his wife must never remarry.“ "Man is honored for strength; a woman is beautiful on account of her gentleness." "Disorder is not sent down by Heaven, it is produced by women." The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family. Founded the Imperial University Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system) Soldiers dropped to lowest status. Confucianists at work; Daoists at home. The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake! Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported. Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.

Song Began Rice Cultivation Above is a picture of Suzhou in Jiangsu province showing houses along the Grand Canal. From north to south, the Grand Canal is over 1,700 kilometers (roughly 1,100 miles) long, linking Hangzhou in Zhejiang province with Beijing in the north. An extremely important water project that was first started in the Sui dynasty (589-618), it connects several big rivers and provides an important means of transportation and communication. With the two pictures below in mind, how do you think the access to rivers and lakes would have made the lifestyle of people in the south different from that of people in the north?

Song Rice Cultivation Above is a picture of Suzhou in Jiangsu province showing houses along the Grand Canal. From north to south, the Grand Canal is over 1,700 kilometers (roughly 1,100 miles) long, linking Hangzhou in Zhejiang province with Beijing in the north. An extremely important water project that was first started in the Sui dynasty (589-618), it connects several big rivers and provides an important means of transportation and communication. With the two pictures below in mind, how do you think the access to rivers and lakes would have made the lifestyle of people in the south different from that of people in the north?

The “Golden Age” of China Focus on arts and literature Excellence in poetry, landscape painting, and ceramics Neo-Confucianism = revival of Confucianism mixed with Buddhist and Daoist elements

The “Economic Revolution” of China Advancements in agriculture Most important = adoption of a fast-ripening and drought-resistant strain of rice from Vietnam Result = rapid population growth Jumped to 120 million people by 1200 CE

The Urbanization of China Many people began to move to cities Dozens of Chinese cities numbered over 100,000 people Capital of Song dynasty = Hangzhou Had over 1 million people Modern picture of Hangzhou

Chinese Industrial Production Iron industry boomed Used to make: suits of armor, arrowheads, coins, tools, bells in Buddhist monasteries, etc.

Chinese Innovations Woodblock and moveable type  led to the first printed books Larger ships and magnetic compass Gunpowder

Women in the Song Dynasty Chinese women HAD been enjoying a looser patriarchal system With Song dynasty = major revival of Confucianism = belief in female subordination Patriarchal restrictions began to tighten again

Foot-Binding in Tang China Broken toes by 3 years of age. The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family. Founded the Imperial University Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system) Soldiers dropped to lowest status. Confucianists at work; Daoists at home. The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake! Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported. Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there. Size 5 ½ shoe on the right

Foot-Binding in Tang China The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family. Founded the Imperial University Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system) Soldiers dropped to lowest status. Confucianists at work; Daoists at home. The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake! Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported. Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there. Mothers bound their daughters’ feet.

Foot-Binding in Tang China The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family. Founded the Imperial University Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system) Soldiers dropped to lowest status. Confucianists at work; Daoists at home. The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake! Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported. Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there. For upper-class girls, it became new custom

Foot Binding Began between the ages of 4 and 7 Involved the tight wrapping of young girls’ feet Broke the bones and caused intense pain Goal = to make the feet small and delicate Sign of female beauty Kept the women at home Began with just elite women, but soon became a common practice with all classes

Foot Binding

Foot Binding

Foot Binding

Results of Foot-Binding The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family. Founded the Imperial University Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system) Soldiers dropped to lowest status. Confucianists at work; Daoists at home. The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake! Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported. Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.

Women and the Economy: Textiles China’s economy became more commercial More factories and workshops  less home-made products Workshops and factories run by men Factories now used to produce silk and other textiles Takes this job away from women

Women and the Economy: Other Jobs What did women do instead? Operated restaurants Sold fish and vegetables Maids, cooks, dressmakers Concubines Courtesans Entertainers Prostitutes

Positive Trends for Women Property rights expanded Controlled own dowries Inherited family property Promotion of further education for women To raise sons effectively To increase family’s fortune

China & the Northern Nomads Most enduring and intense interaction Nomads = pastoral and semi-agricultural people in the northern steppe Relationship began as a result of TRADE Began a centuries-long relationship filled with trading, raiding, and extortion

The Nomads’ Point of View Nomads thought the Chinese were a threat Built the Great Wall to keep them out Directed their military towards them occasionally Made trading more difficult than it had to be In reality: the Chinese needed the nomads Needed horses for their military Needed other goods like: furs, hides, amber Many important parts of the Silk Road network were in nomad territories

China’s Point of View Nomads = barbaric and primitive Chinese = sophisticated and civilized Chinese = felt superior to ALL non-Chinese cultures/people, not just the nomads This resulted in the Chinese tribute system versus

The Tribute System in Theory Acknowledgement of Chinese superiority by foreigners and non-Chinese authorities Foreigners would go to the Chinese court and: Perform a series of ritual bowings and gestures Present their tribute = valuable goods/products from their homeland In return, the Chinese emperor would: Grant them permission to stay & trade in China Provide them with gifts or “bestowals”

The Tribute System in Reality China = dealing with large nomadic empires (like the Xiongnu) that had powerful militaries Reality = tribute system in reverse China = gave the nomads “gifts” of wine, silk, grains, and other goods In return = the nomads promised to not invade or attack China

China and Korea Initial outlet for Chinese influence = temporary conquest of Korea by China during Han dynasty Korean resistance urged China to withdraw its military presence in 688 Tribute system & trading relationship still existed Chinese cultural elements adopted by the Koreans: Buddhism Confucianism Government set-up Chinese models of family life and female behavior

Impact on Korean Women No longer allowed to live and raise her children in her parents’ home with her husband Practices that faded away: Husband buried with the wife’s family Remarriage of widowed or divorced women Female inheritance of property Plural marriages for men

China and Vietnam Vietnam was part of the Chinese state for over 1000 years (111 BCE to 939 CE) Chinese cultural elements adopted by the Vietnamese: Confucianism Daoism Buddhism Administrative techniques Examination system Artistic and literary styles

China and Vietnam Chinese elements forced upon the Vietnamese: Confucian-based schools Chinese = official language for businesses Chinese clothing and hairstyles = mandatory Chinese-style irrigated agriculture Result = Vietnamese resistance and rebellion Several failed rebellions  Ex: the Trung sisters Successful rebellion = 10th century when Tang dynasty weakened in China

China and Vietnam Uniquely Vietnamese cultural elements that remained in Vietnam despite Chinese influences: Distinct Vietnamese language Cockfighting Chewing betel nuts Greater role for women in social and economic life

China and Japan Unlike Korea and Vietnam – Japan is physically separated from China Result = Japan was never successfully invaded or conquered by China Result = any Chinese cultural elements adopted by Japan = 100% voluntary Result = Japan will retain a very unique & distinct culture

Japan Early Japan = organized around family-based clans that controlled certain regions Each family descended from a different common ancestor Each clan worshipped this ancestor as a special kami = spirit Shinto = belief that kamis live within all people, animals, and nature

Japan As these clans began to unify into a Japanese “state”, Japan began to model itself after China in some ways Elements adopted from China: Buddhism and Confucianism Chinese-style court rituals and court rankings Chinese calendar Chinese-based taxation systems Chinese-style law codes and government departments Chinese-style writing system

Japan Heian Period = 800 – 1200 Capital of Japan = Heian (later renamed Kyoto) Focus of this period = pursuit of beauty Japanese influenced by Chinese art, literature, calligraphy, poetry, etc. Spent hours each day writing letters and poems Rise of literature  ex: The Tale of Genji

Heian

Japan In their “search for beauty” during the Heian period, governmental responsibilities were neglected Centralized government broke down Emperor lost power Gave way to “feudal” Japan

Feudal Japan Shoguns = generals and powerful lords Mikado = emperor Most political and military power Mikado = emperor Very little power; figurehead Always fighting each other Daimyos = local lords Owned estates Had private armies Code of Bushido = samurai code of honor Seppuku = ritualistic suicide  belly-slashing Samurai = warriors Loose-fitting armor Fought with swords AND on horseback with bows & arrows Peasants  worked on the land; paid heavy taxes; received protection in return

Japanese Samurai

Japanese Women Escaped the more oppressive features of Chinese Confucian culture; could: Inherit property Live apart from their husbands Get divorced easily Remarry if widowed or divorced

Major Chinese Influences on Eurasia Two major Chinese innovations that would impact the world for centuries to come: Printing and books Gunpowder

Printing and Books Effects of printing and books in the future: Mass literacy Increased education and scholarship Spread of religion Exchange of information

Gunpowder Effects of gunpowder in the future Cannons and firearms “Gunpowder Revolution” = when “gunpowder” empires started and grew as a result of their use of firearms, cannons, and other explosives