Questions: Chapter 2 – 7ab, 10ab, 11ab, 13acd Meteo 003: Lab 2 Due Friday Sept. 9th Questions: Chapter 2 – 7ab, 10ab, 11ab, 13acd Chapter 3 – 1, 4, 6, 9abc

Chapter 2 – 7ab, 10ab, 11ab, 13acd Chapter 3 – 1, 4, 6, 9abc Topics Covered Seasonality Nighttime Radiation Interpreting Images/Graphs Sun Angles Climatology Land/Water Effect on Climate

Problem 2.7 (p. 77) a) Graphing radiation as function of latitude Recommend using Excel Graphs need titles, labels, and units Find latitude where incoming radiation varies the least and varies the most b) Interpreting graphs – Latitudes with largest and smallest temperature swing from winter to summer. (Hint - should be same as part a) Think of what factors affect the seasonality and climate of a location

Problem 2.10 (p. 78) Why the difference? a) Interpreting graphs of radiation *Note the different scales on the y axis Downwelling Infrared Radiation – downward emission of IR radiation b) Connect radiation to temperature (which night has greater average of downwelling radiation?)

Problem 2.11 (pg. 79) a) Connect radiation and temperature Think Stefan-Boltzmann Law Compare radiation map to satellite imagery b) Satellite imagery should give you answer Again compare temperature to radiation

Satellite Imagery Example Satellite Imagery on left shows clouds Infrared Image on right (bright colors show cold clouds tops)

Problem 2.13 (p. 80) *Note: NO part b a) Familiar product: UV Index Good site to reference: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/uvradiation.pdf c) Is the UV index a function of latitude? d) Interpret graph Use site for more help

Problem # 3.1 (p. 111) Use 40.8ᵒ N for State College Need to make 4 calculations Think of where the sun is overhead during the Solstices and Equinoxes Consider the sign of latitude in northern and southern hemispheres Equation needed: Max altitude of Sun = 90 – D where D is the difference between the latitude of the location and the latitude where the sun is directly overhead

Sun Angle Example Washington, DC is located at 39ᵒ N. Determine the maximum altitude of the sun during the winter solstice and fall/spring equinox Winter solstice sun is overhead at 23.5°S latitude Difference is 39° - (-23.5°) = 62.5° Use 90° - D  90° - 62.5° = 27.5° Fall and Spring equinox Is simply 90°-39° = 51°

Problem 3.4 (p. 112) Determining the seasonality and climatology of the locations Consider the latitude, proximity to water, prevailing wind, elevation Latitude – warmer locations closer to equator How continental is the location? Proximity to water - San Francisco is closest to large body of water so it has the least variability. St Louis is far from water, continental location with big temperature swings West vs East coast - Charleston has more variability than San Diego (San Diego prevailing winds from west off the Pacific)

Problem 3.6 (p. 113) Similar to 3.4 Use same considerations Although latitude is no longer issue Wind will play a larger factor

Seasonality Example Kansas city has greatest seasonality – 51 (no water near by, temps fluctuate greatly) Savannah is second – 33 (general westerly winds, so water won’t have as great of an impact) Oakland least – 15 (flow off Pacific keeps temps more consistent

Problem 3.9 (p. 115) Features should be fairly easy to spot (continents) Know your geography Equatorial regions have the least seasonality c) Think about the same guidelines used in 3.4 and 3.6 More continental, highest seasonality = greatest difference in temperature.

LAB #2 - DUE FRIDAY SEPT. 9th Ann (arr221@psu.edu): 12-1 PM 6th floor Walker Weather Center (room 606) Dalton (dss5330@psu.edu): 2-3 PM 6th floor Walker Weather Center Kerry (kvm5478@psu.edu): 3-4 PM 6th floor Walker Weather Center LAB #2 Assignment Summary Chapter 2: (7a,b) (10a,b) (11a,b) (13a,c,d) Chapter 3: (1) (4) (6) (9a,b,c)